Demographics of the United States

Demographics of the United States
Demographics of the United States
	Population pyramid of the United States in 2023
Population	340,110,988 (2024 estimate); 331,449,281 (2020 census)
Density	86.16/sq mi (33.27/km2)
Growth rate	0.67% (2024)
Birth rate	10.7 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate	9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy	78.4 years (2023)
• male	75.8 years (2023)
• female	81.1 years (2023)
Fertility rate	1.84 born/woman (2024)
Infant mortality rate	5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)
Net migration rate	3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024)
Age structure
Under 18 years	22.2% (2021)
18–44 years	35.9% (2021)
45–64 years	25.2% (2021)
65 and over	18.5% (2024)
Sex ratio
Total	0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years	1 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.81 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	American
Major ethnic	Whites (61.63%) Britons (11.71%) English (7.70%); Irish (3.29%); Scots (0.44%); Scots-Irish (0.11%); Welsh (0.08%); Others (0.09%); ; Germans (4.69%) Pennsylvania Germans (0.03%); Others (4.66%); ; White Hispanics (3.80%) Spaniards (0.56%); Others (3.24%); ; Italians (2.00%); Poles (0.81%); French (0.54%) French-Canadians (0.08%); Others (0.46%); ; Arabs (0.48%) Lebanese (0.10%); Egyptians (0.09%); Others (0.29%); ; Norwegians (0.31%); Russians (0.30%); Dutch (0.27%); Swedes (0.24%); Portuguese (0.18%); Greeks (0.17%); Others (36.13%); ; ;
Minor ethnic	Blacks (12.40%) Black Hispanics (0.35%); Haitians (0.28%); Jamaicans (0.24%); Nigerians (0.15%); Others (11.38%); ; Mixed (10.21%) Mixed Hispanics (6.12%); Others (4.09%); ; Asians (6.00%) East, Central and Southeast Asians (4.18%) Chinese (1.25%); Filipinos (0.93%); Vietnamese (0.59%); Koreans (0.46%); Japanese (0.22%); Others (0.73%); ; South Asians (1.74%) Indians (1.33%); Pakistanis (0.19%); Others (0.22%); ; Asian Hispanics (0.08%); ; Natives (1.12%) Native Hispanics (0.45%) Aztecs (0.12%); Mayas (0.06%); Others (0.27%); ; Navajos (0.12%); Cherokees (0.07%); Others (0.48%); ; Islanders (0.21%) Hawaiians (0.06%); Samoans (0.04%); Islander Hispanics (0.02%); Others (0.11%); ; Some other race (8.42%) Other Hispanics (7.91%); Others (0.51%); ; ;
Language
Official	No official language at national level. English is designated official in 32 of 50 states (and in all 5 U.S. territories). Hawaiian is official in Hawaii, 20 Native languages are official in Alaska, and Sioux is official in South Dakota. Samoan is an official language in American Samoa, Chamorro is an official language in Guam, Chamorro and Carolinian are official languages in the Northern Mariana Islands, and Spanish is an official language in Puerto Rico.
Spoken	(primary language at home) English 78.5%; Spanish 13.2%; Other Indo-European 3.7%; Asian and Pacific Islander 3.3%; Other 0.8%;
	Source: The World Factbook

The United States is the third most populous country in the world, and the most populous in the Americas and the Western Hemisphere, with an estimated population of 340,110,988 on July 1, 2024, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.^[1] This was an increase of 2.6% over the 2020 federal census of 331,449,281 residents.^[19] These figures include the 50 states and the federal capital, Washington, D.C., but exclude the 3.6 million residents of five unincorporated U.S. territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands) as well as several minor uninhabited island possessions. The Census Bureau showed a population increase of 0.4% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2022,^[20] below the world estimated annual rate of 1.03%, in 2021.^[21] The total fertility rate (TFR) is around 1.84 children per woman as of 2024,^[3] which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1. By several metrics, including racial and ethnic background, religious affiliation, and percentage of rural and urban divide, the state of Illinois is the most representative of the larger demography of the United States.^[22]

The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century—at a growth rate of about 1.3% a year—from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000.^[23] It is estimated to have reached the 200 million mark in 1967, and the 300 million mark on October 17, 2006.^[23]^[24] Foreign-born immigration caused the U.S. population to continue its rapid increase, with this population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 45 million in 2015,^[25] representing one-third of the population increase.^[26] The U.S. Census Bureau reported in late 2024 that recent immigration to the United States had more than offset the country's lower birth and fertility rates: "Net international migration’s influence on population trends has increased over the last few years. Since 2021, it accounted for the majority of the nation’s growth—a departure from the last two decades, when natural increase was the main factor." This in turn led to a notable increase in the U.S. population in each of the years 2022, 2023, and 2024 (+0.58%, +0.83%, and +0.98%, respectively).^[27]

Population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to a 2020 U.S. Census Bureau analysis, 50% of U.S. children under the age of 18 are now members of ethnic minority groups.^[28] As of 2020, white Americans numbered 235,411,507 or 71% of the population, including people who identified as white in combination with another race. People who identified as white alone (including Hispanic whites) numbered 204,277,273 or 61.6% of the population, while non-Latino whites made up 57.8% of the country's population.^[29]

Latino Americans accounted for 51.1% of the country's total population growth between 2010 and 2020.^[30] The Hispanic or Latino population increased from 50.5 million in 2010 to 62.1 million in 2020, a 23% increase and a numerical increase of more than 11.6 million.^[30] Immigrants and their U.S.-born descendants are expected to provide most of the U.S. population gains in the decades ahead.^[31]

Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial group in the United States, with a growth rate of 35%. However, multi-racial Asian Americans make up the fastest-growing subgroup, with a growth rate of 55%, reflecting the increase of mixed-race marriages in the United States.^[32]^[33]

As of 2022^[update], births to White American mothers remain around 50% of the U.S. total, a decline of 3% compared to 2021.^[34] In the same time period, births to Asian American and Hispanic women increased by 2% and 6%, respectively.^[35]

Population

Historical population
Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1790	3,929,326		—
1800	5,308,483		35.1%
1810	7,239,881		36.4%
1820	9,638,453		33.1%
1830	12,866,020		33.5%
1840	17,069,453		32.7%
1850	23,191,876		35.9%
1860	31,443,321		35.6%
1870	38,925,598		23.8%
1880	50,189,209		28.9%
1890	62,979,766		25.5%
1900	76,212,168		21.0%
1910	92,228,496		21.0%
1920	106,021,537		15.0%
1930	122,775,046		15.8%
1940	132,164,569		7.6%
1950	150,697,361		14.0%
1960	179,323,175		19.0%
1970	203,392,031		13.4%
1980	226,545,805		11.4%
1990	248,709,873		9.8%
2000	281,421,906		13.2%
2010	308,745,538		9.7%
2020	331,449,281		7.4%
2024 (est.)	340,110,988	^[1]	2.6%
U.S. Decennial Census

In 1900, when the U.S. population was 76 million, there were 66.8 million white Americans in the United States, representing 88% of the total population,^[36] 8.8 million Black Americans, with about 90% of them still living in Southern states,^[37] and slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics.^[38]

Under the law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,^[39] the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has increased,^[40] from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007.^[41] Around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s.^[42]

In 1900, non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97% of the population of the 10 largest U.S. cities.^[43] The Census Bureau reported that minorities (including Hispanic whites) made up 50.4% of the children born in the U.S. between July 2010 and July 2011,^[44] compared to 37% in 1990.^[45]

In 2014, the state with the lowest fertility rate was Rhode Island, with a rate of 1.56, while Utah had the greatest rate with a rate of 2.33.^[46] This correlates with the ages of the states' populations: Rhode Island has the ninth-oldest median age in the US – 39.2 – while Utah has the youngest – 29.0.^[47]

In 2017, the U.S. birth rate remains well below the replacement level needed – at least 2.1 children per woman so as not to experience population decreases – as white American births fell in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Among non-Hispanic white women, no states had a fertility rate above the replacement level. Among non-Hispanic Black women, 12 states reached above the replacement level needed. Among Hispanic women, 29 states did.^[48] For non-Hispanic white women, the highest total fertility rate was in Utah, at 2.099, and the lowest in the District of Columbia, at 1.012. Among non-Hispanic Black women, the highest total fertility rate was in Maine, at 4.003, and the lowest in Wyoming, at 1.146. For Hispanic women, the highest total fertility rate was in Alabama, at 3.085, and the lowest in Vermont, at 1.200, and Maine, at 1.281.^[48]^[49] Due to the aging and low birth rates among white people, deaths now outnumber births among white people (non-Hispanic) in more than half the states in the country.^[50]

Growth rate

Population growth rate: 0.12%.^[52] Country comparison to the world: 130th

Age and sex distribution

Age and sex distribution as of 2021^[52]
Age (years)	Total (thousands)	% of US pop.	Males (thousands)	Females (thousands)	% male	% female	Sex ratio (males per female)
0	3,564	1.1%	1,822	1,743	51.1%	48.9%	1.05
< 5	18,827	5.7%	9,624	9,203	51.1%	48.9%	1.05
< 15	60,467	18.2%	30,989	29,578	51.2%	48.8%	1.05
15-24	43,089	13.0%	21,996	21,092	51.0%	49.0%	1.04
25-34	45,495	13.7%	23,053	22,442	50.7%	49.3%	1.03
35-44	43,404	13.1%	21,858	21,546	50.4%	49.6%	1.01
45-54	40,688	12.3%	20,312	20,376	49.9%	50.1%	0.99
55-64	42,803	12.9%	20,963	21,840	49.0%	51.0%	0.96
65+	55,848	16.8%	25,214	30,634	45.1%	54.9%	0.82
75+	22,182	6.7%	9,344	12,837	42.1%	57.9%	0.73
85+	5,976	1.8%	2,176	3,800	36.4%	63.6%	0.57
100+	98	0.03%	25	73	25.5%	74.5%	0.34
Total	331,894	100%	164,385	167,509	49.5%	50.5%	0.98

Note that this table shows some people in more than one group: for example someone aged 90 is included three times: in "65+", "75+" and "85+".

Age distribution by selected age groups^[52]

0 – 14 years: 18.2%
15 – 24 years: 13.0%
25 – 54 years: 39.0%
55 – 64 years: 12.9%
65 years and over: 16.8%

Percent distribution of the total population by age: 1900 to 2015

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, United Nations medium variant projections.^[53]^[54]

Ages	1900	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2015
0–14 years	34.5	32.1	31.8	29.4	25.0	26.9	31.1	28.5	22.6	21.5	21.4	20.2	19.8
15–24 years	19.6	19.7	17.7	18.3	18.2	14.7	13.4	17.4	18.8	14.8	13.9
25–44 years	28.1	29.2	29.6	29.5	30.1	30.0	26.2	23.6	27.7	32.5	30.2
45–64 years	13.7	14.6	16.1	17.5	19.8	20.3	20.1	20.6	19.6	18.6	22.0
65 years and over	4.1	4.3	4.7	5.4	6.8	8.1	9.2	9.9	11.3	12.6	12.4	13.0	14.3
Total (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	33.2	34.1

Dependency ratio

The dependency ratio is the age-population ratio of people who are normally not in the labor force (the dependent population, which includes those aged 0 to 14 and 65 and older) to those who are (the productive part, ages 15 to 64). It is used to gauge the strain on the populace that is productive. The support ratio is the ratio of the working-age population to the elderly population, that is, the reciprocal of the aged dependency ratio.

Total dependency ratio: 54.03% (2021)^[52] Country comparison to the world*: 110th^[55]
Child dependency ratio: 28.11% (2021) Country comparison to the world*: 138th
Aged dependency ratio: 25.92% (2021) Country comparison to the world*: 42nd
Potential support ratio: 3.86 (2021) Country comparison to the world*: 160th

*Ratios are ranked from highest to lowest by country.

Density

Number of persons per square kilometer in the United States in 2010

States and territories in the United States by population per square mile, according to the 2020 United States census

Counties in the United States by population growth since 2010 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 Annual Estimate of the Resident Population.^[56] Counties with population growth greater than the United States as a whole are in dark green, counties with population growth slower than the United States in light green, and counties with declining populations in light red.

States in the United States by population growth since 2010 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 Annual Estimate of the Resident Population.^[56] States with population growth greater than the United States as a whole are in dark green, states with population growth slower than the United States in light green, and states with declining populations in light red.

The most densely populated state is New Jersey (1,263/mi² or 488/km²).

The population is highly urbanized, with 83.3% of the population residing in cities and suburbs.^[3] Large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the United States (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western tier states; mountainous areas, principally the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian chain, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prairie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast – with particular emphasis on the city of Anchorage – and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu.^[3] California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U.S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward.^[57]^[58] New York City is the most populous city in the United States^[59] and has been since at least 1790.

In the U.S. territories, population centers include the San Juan metro area in Puerto Rico,^[60] Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands,^[61] and the island of Tutuila in American Samoa.^[62]

Median age of the population

The median age of the total population as of 2021 is 38.8 years; the male median age is 37.7 years; the female median age is 39.8 years.^[52]

Median age of the U.S. population through history. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Census, United States Census Bureau and The World Factbook.^[63]^[64]

Years	1820	1830	1840	1850	1860	1870	1880	1890	1900
Median age of the total population	16.7	17.2	17.8	18.9	19.4	20.2	20.9	22.0	22.9
Median age of males	16.6	17.2	17.9	19.2	19.8	20.2	21.2	22.3	23.3
Median age of females	16.8	17.3	17.8	18.6	19.1	20.1	20.7	21.6	22.4

Years	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2018	2021
Median age of the total population	24.1	25.3	26.5	29.0	30.2	29.6	28.1	30.0	32.9	35.3	37.2	38.2	38.8
Median age of males	24.6	25.8	26.7	29.1	29.9	28.7	26.8	28.8	31.7	34.0	35.8	36.9	37.7
Median age of females	23.5	24.7	25.2	29.0	30.5	30.4	29.8	31.2	34.1	36.5	38.5	39.5	39.8

Population centers

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 31 "global cities"^[65] of all types, with 10 in the "alpha" group of global cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Boston, San Francisco, Miami, Philadelphia, Dallas, and Atlanta.^[66] As of 2021^[update], the United States had 56 metropolitan areas with 1 million or more inhabitants. (The U.S. Census Bureau ranked Urban Honolulu as the 56th most populous area, with just over 1 million residents. See Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas.)

As of 2011^[update], about 250 million Americans live in or around urban areas. That means more than three-quarters of the U.S. population shares just about three percent of the U.S. land area.^[67]

The following table shows the populations of the top twenty metropolitan areas.

v t e Largest metropolitan areas in the United States 2023 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau^[68]
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
New York Los Angeles	1	New York	Northeast	19,498,249	11	Boston	Northeast	4,919,179	Chicago Dallas–Fort Worth
	2	Los Angeles	West	12,799,100	12	Riverside–San Bernardino	West	4,688,053
	3	Chicago	Midwest	9,262,825	13	San Francisco	West	4,566,961
	4	Dallas–Fort Worth	South	8,100,037	14	Detroit	Midwest	4,342,304
	5	Houston	South	7,510,253	15	Seattle	West	4,044,837
	6	Atlanta	South	6,307,261	16	Minneapolis–Saint Paul	Midwest	3,712,020
	7	Washington, D.C.	South	6,304,975	17	Tampa–St. Petersburg	South	3,342,963
	8	Philadelphia	Northeast	6,246,160	18	San Diego	West	3,269,973
	9	Miami	South	6,183,199	19	Denver	West	3,005,131
	10	Phoenix	West	5,070,110	20	Baltimore	South	2,834,316

Vital statistics

U.S. demographic table, 1935–2023

^[69]^[70]^[71]

	Average population	Live births^[72]	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)^[73]	Natural change (per 1,000)	Crude migration change (per 1,000)	Total fertility rate^{[fn 1]}^[63]
1935	127,250,000	2,377,000	1,392,752	984,248	18.7	10.9	7.7		2.19
1936	128,053,000	2,355,000	1,479,228	875,772	18.4	11.5	6.8	-0.5	2.15
1937	128,825,000	2,413,000	1,450,427	962,573	18.7	11.2	7.5	-1.5	2.17
1938	129,825,000	2,496,000	1,381,391	1,114,609	19.2	10.6	8.6	-0.9	2.22
1939	130,880,000	2,466,000	1,387,897	1,078,103	18.8	10.6	8.2	-0.1	2.17
1940	131,930,000	2,559,000	1,417,269	1,142,000	19.4	10.8	8.7	-0.7	2.301
1941	133,058,000	2,703,000	1,397,642	1,305,358	20.3	10.5	9.8	-1.3	2.399
1942	133,752,000	2,989,000	1,385,187	1,603,813	22.2	10.3	12	-6.8	2.628
1943	133,971,000	3,104,000	1,459,544	1,644,306	22.8	10.7	12.3	-10.7	2.718
1944	132,622,000	2,939,000	1,411,338	1,644,456	21.2	10.2	12.4	-22.6	2.568
1945	132,137,000	2,858,000	1,401,719	1,456,281	20.4	11	11	-14.7	2.491
1946	139,893,000	3,411,000	1,395,617	2,015,383	24.1	10.0	14.4	41.0	2.943
1947	143,375,000	3,817,000	1,445,370	2,371,630	26.6	10.0	16.5	7.8	3.274
1948	146,045,000	3,637,000	1,444,337	2,192,663	24.9	9.8	15	3.3	3.109
1949	148,558,000	3,649,000	1,443,607	2,205,393	24.5	9.7	14.8	2.1	3.110
1950	151,240,000	3,632,000	1,452,454	2,180,000	24.1	9.6	14.4	3.3	3.091
1951	153,384,000	3,823,000	1,482,099	2,340,901	24.8	9.6	15.3	-1.3	3.269
1952	155,761,000	3,913,000	1,496,838	2,416,162	25.0	9.6	15.5	-0.2	3.358
1953	158,313,000	3,965,000	1,447,459	2,517,541	25.2	9.1	15.9	0.2	3.424
1954	161,191,000	4,078,000	1,481,091	2,596,909	24.8	9.3	16.1	1.8	3.543
1955	164,302,000	4,097,000	1,528,717	2,568,283	25.0	9.3	15.6	3.3	3.580
1956	167,261,000	4,218,000	1,564,476	2,653,524	25.1	9.3	15.9	1.8	3.689
1957	170,295,000	4,308,000	1,633,128	2,666,872	25.3	9.5	15.7	2.1	3.767
1958	173,239,000	4,255,000	1,647,886	2,607,114	24.4	9.5	15	2.0	3.701
1959	176,511,000	4,244,796	1,656,814	2,587,982	24.0	9.4	14.7	3.8	3.670
1960	179,977,000	4,257,850	1,711,982	2,545,868	23.7	9.5	14.1	5.2	3.654
1961	182,953,000	4,268,326	1,701,522	2,566,804	23.3	9.3	14.0	2.3	3.629
1962	185,771,000	4,167,362	1,756,720	2,410,642	22.4	9.5	13	2.2	3.474
1963	188,483,000	4,098,020	1,813,549	2,284,471	21.7	9.6	12.1	2.3	3.333
1964	191,141,000	4,027,490	1,798,051	2,229,439	21.1	9.4	11.7	2.2	3.208
1965	193,526,000	3,760,358	1,828,136	1,932,222	19.4	9.5	9.9	2.4	2.928
1966	195,576,000	3,606,274	1,863,149	1,743,125	18.4	9.5	8.9	1.6	2.736
1967	197,457,000	3,520,959	1,851,323	1,669,636	17.8	9.4	8.4	1.1	2.578
1968	199,399,000	3,501,564	1,930,082	1,571,482	17.6	9.7	7.9	1.8	2.477
1969	201,385,000	3,600,206	1,921,990	1,678,216	17.9	9.5	8.4	1.5	2.465
1970	203,984,000	3,731,386	1,921,031	1,810,355	18.4	9.4	9.0	3.7	2.480
1971	206,827,000	3,555,970	1,927,542	1,628,428	17.2	9.3	7.9	5.8	2.266
1972	209,284,000	3,258,411	1,963,944	1,294,467	15.6	9.4	6.2	5.5	2.010
1973	211,357,000	3,136,965	1,973,003	1,163,962	14.8	9.5	5.3	4.5	1.879
1974	213,342,000	3,159,958	1,934,388	1,225,570	14.8	9.1	5.7	3.6	1.835
1975	215,465,000	3,144,198	1,892,879	1,251,319	14.6	8.8	5.8	4.1	1.774
1976	217,563,000	3,167,788	1,909,440	1,258,348	14.6	8.8	5.8	3.8	1.738
1977	219,760,000	3,326,632	1,899,597	1,427,035	15.1	8.6	6.5	3.5	1.789
1978	222,095,000	3,333,279	1,927,788	1,405,491	15.0	8.7	6.3	4.2	1.760
1979	224,567,000	3,494,398	1,913,841	1,580,557	15.6	8.5	7.1	3.9	1.808
1980	227,225,000	3,612,258	1,989,841	1,622,417	15.9	8.8	7.1	4.6	1.839
1981	229,466,000	3,629,238	1,977,981	1,651,257	15.8	8.6	7.2	2.6	1.812
1982	231,664,000	3,680,537	1,974,797	1,705,740	15.9	8.5	7.4	2.1	1.827
1983	233,792,000	3,638,933	2,019,201	1,619,732	15.6	8.6	6.9	2.2	1.799
1984	235,825,000	3,669,141	2,039,369	1,629,772	15.6	8.6	6.9	1.7	1.806
1985	237,924,000	3,760,561	2,086,440	1,674,121	15.8	8.8	7.0	1.8	1.844
1986	240,133,000	3,756,547	2,105,361	1,651,186	15.6	8.8	6.9	2.3	1.837
1987	242,289,000	3,809,394	2,123,323	1,686,071	15.7	8.8	7.0	1.9	1.872
1988	244,499,000	3,909,510	2,167,999	1,741,511	16.0	8.9	7.1	1.9	1.934
1989	246,819,000	4,040,958	2,150,466	1,890,492	16.4	8.7	7.7	1.7	2.014
1990	249,623,000	4,158,212	2,148,463	2,009,749	16.7	8.6	8.1	3.1	2.081
1991	252,981,000	4,110,907	2,169,518	1,941,389	16.2	8.6	7.7	5.6	2.062
1992	256,514,000	4,065,014	2,175,613	1,889,401	15.8	8.5	7.4	6.4	2.046
1993	259,919,000	4,000,240	2,268,553	1,731,687	15.4	8.7	6.7	6.4	2.019
1994	263,126,000	3,952,767	2,278,994	1,673,773	15.0	8.7	6.4	5.8	2.001
1995	266,278,000	3,899,589	2,312,132	1,587,457	14.6	8.7	6.0	5.8	1.978
1996	269,394,000	3,891,494	2,314,690	1,576,804	14.4	8.6	5.9	5.7	1.976
1997	272,647,000	3,880,894	2,314,245	1,566,649	14.2	8.5	5.7	6.2	1.971
1998	275,854,000	3,941,553	2,337,256	1,604,297	14.3	8.5	5.8	5.8	1.999
1999	279,040,000	3,959,417	2,391,399	1,568,018	14.2	8.6	5.6	5.8	2.007
2000	282,162,411	4,058,814	2,403,351	1,655,463	14.4	8.5	5.9	5.2	2.056
2001	284,968,955	4,025,933	2,416,425	1,609,508	14.1	8.5	5.6	4.2	2.030
2002	287,625,193	4,021,726	2,443,387	1,578,339	14.0	8.5	5.5	3.7	2.020
2003	290,107,933	4,089,950	2,448,288	1,641,662	14.1	8.4	5.6	3.0	2.047
2004	292,805,298	4,112,052	2,397,615	1,714,437	14.0	8.2	5.9	3.3	2.051
2005	295,516,599	4,138,349	2,448,017	1,690,332	14.0	8.3	5.7	3.5	2.057
2006	298,379,912	4,265,555	2,426,264	1,839,291	14.3	8.1	6.2	3.4	2.108
2007	301,231,207	4,316,234	2,423,712	1,892,522	14.3	8.0	6.3	3.2	2.120
2008	304,093,966	4,247,694	2,471,984	1,775,710	14.0	8.1	5.9	3.5	2.072
2009	306,771,529	4,130,665	2,437,163	1,693,502	13.5	7.9	5.6	3.1	2.002
2010	309,327,143	3,999,386	2,468,435	1,530,951	12.9	8.0	4.9	3.3	1.931
2011	311,849,745	3,953,590	2,515,458	1,438,412	12.7	8.1	4.6	3.5	1.894
2012	314,361,094	3,952,841	2,543,279	1,409,562	12.6	8.1	4.5	3.5	1.880
2013	316,755,680	3,932,181	2,596,993	1,336,183	12.4	8.2	4.2	3.3	1.857
2014	319,297,805	3,988,076	2,626,418	1,361,658	12.5	8.2	4.3	3.7	1.862
2015	321,882,469	3,978,497	2,712,630	1,265,867	12.4	8.4	4.0	4.1	1.843
2016	324,426,311	3,945,875	2,744,248	1,201,627	12.2	8.5	3.7	4.1	1.820
2017^[74]^[75]	326,686,918	3,855,500	2,813,503	1,041,997	11.8	8.6	3.2	3.7	1.765
2018^[76]^[77]	328,571,142	3,791,712	2,839,205	952,507	11.5	8.6	2.9	2.8	1.729
2019	330,284,261	3,747,540	2,854,858	892,682	11.3	8.6	2.7	2.5	1.706
2020^[78]^[79]^[80]^: 4	331,511,512	3,613,647	3,383,729	229,918	10.9	10.2	0.7	3.0	1.641
2021^[81]^[82]^[83]	332,031,554	3,664,292	3,464,231	200,061	11.0	10.4	0.6	1.0	1.664^[83]^: 5
2022^[84]^[85]^[83]	333,287,557	3,667,758^[83]^: 8	3,279,857	387,901	11.0	9.8	1.2	2.6	1.656^[83]^: 5
2023p^[86]	334,914,865	3,596,017	3,087,366	507,932	10.7	9.2	1.5	3.4	1.617

p = provisional data

Current vital statistics

^[87]


Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January-September 2023	2,690,629	2,291,991	+398,638
January-September 2024	2,712,621	2,287,094	+425,527
Difference	+21,992 (+0.817%)	-4,897 (-0.214%)	+26,889

All current numbers in this section are provisional and may change through future updates. For more information, please see the reference link.

Births, deaths and natural increase in the United States 1935–2021

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2021, the population of the United States grew at a slower rate than in any other year since the country's founding.^[88] The U.S. population grew only 0.1% from the previous year before.^[88] The United States' population has grown by less than one million people for the first time since 1937, with the lowest numeric growth since at least 1900, when the Census Bureau began yearly population estimates.^[88] Apart from the previous few years, when population growth plummeted to historically low levels, the slowest pace of increase in the twentieth century occurred between 1918 and 1919, when the influenza epidemic and World War I were both in full swing.^[88] Slower population growth has been the norm in the United States for some years, owing to lower fertility and net international migration, as well as rising mortality from an aging population.^[88]

To put it another way, since the mid-2010s, births and net international migration have been dropping while deaths have risen. These trends have a cumulative effect of reduced population increase.^[88]

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this trend, resulting in a historically slow population increase in 2021.

The growth rate is 0.1% as estimated for 2021.^[88]

The birth rate is 11.0 births/1,000 population, as of 2020.^[80] This was the lowest birth rate since records began. There were 3,613,647 births in 2020, this was the lowest number of births since 1980.^[80]

11.0 births/1,000 population per year (final data for 2020).

11.4 births/1,000 population per year (final data for 2019).^[80]

In 2020, the CDC reported that there were 1,676,911 marriages in 2020, compared to 2019, there were 2,015,603 marriages.^[89] Marriage rates varied significantly by state, ranging from 3.2 marriages/1,000 population in California to 21.0 marriages/1,000 population in Nevada.*^[90]

5.1 marriages/1,000 population per year (provisional data for 2020).^[89]
6.1 marriages/1,000 population per year (provisional data for 2019).^[89]

*Rates are based on provisional counts of marriages by state of occurrence

In 2009, Time magazine reported that 40% of births were to unmarried women.^[91] The following is a breakdown by race for unwed births: 17% Asian, 29% White, 53% Hispanics (of any race), 66% Native Americans, and 72% Black American.^[92]

According to the CDC, in 2020, there were at least, 1,461,121 births to unmarried women. In 2020, 40.5% of births were to unmarried women. The following is a breakdown by race for unwed births: 28.4% Non-Hispanic White, 70.4% Non-Hispanic Black, and 52.8% Hispanic (of any race).^[93]

The drop in the birth rate from 2007 to 2009 is believed to be associated with the Great Recession.^[94]

A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that more than half (51 percent) of live hospital births in 2008 and 2011 were male.^[95]

Per U.S. federal government data released in March 2011, births fell 4% from 2007 to 2009, the largest drop in the U.S. for any two-year period since the 1970s.^[96] Births have declined for three consecutive years, and are now 7% below the peak in 2007.^[97] This drop has continued through 2010, according to data released by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics in June 2011.^[97] Numerous experts have suggested that this decline is largely a reflection of unfavorable economic conditions.^[98] This connection between birth rates and economic downturns partly stems from the fact that American birth rates have now fallen to levels that are comparable to the Great Depression of the 1930s.^[99] Teen birth rates in the U.S. are at the lowest level in U.S. history.^[100] In fact, teen birth rates in the U.S. have consistently decreased since 1991 through 2011, except for a brief increase between 2005 and 2007.^[100] The other aberration from this otherwise steady decline in teen birth rates is the 6% decrease in birth rates for 15- to 19-year-olds between 2008 and 2009.^[100] Despite these years of decrease, U.S. teen birth rates are still higher than in other developed nations.^[100] Racial differences prevail with teen birth and pregnancy rates as well. The American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black teen pregnancy rates are more than double the non-Hispanic white teen birth rate.^[101]

Age group (2010)	Total (of population)	White alone (of race/age group)	Black alone (of race/age group)	Mixed and/or Some Other Race (of race/age group)	Asian alone (of race/age group)	Either American Indian or Alaska Native (of race/age group)	Either Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (of race/age group)
Total	308745538 (100%)	223553265 (72.4%)	38929319 (12.6%)	28116441 (9.1%)	14674252 (4.9%)	2932248 (1.0%)	540013 (0.2%)
0–4	20201362 (6.5%)	12795675 (5.7%/63.3%)	2902590 (7.5%/14.4%)	3315480 (11.8%/16.4%)	898011 (6.1%/4.5%)	244615 (8.3%/1.2%)	44991 (8.3%/0.2%)
5–9	20348657 (6.6%)	13293799 (5.9%/65.3%)	2882597 (7.4%/14.2%)	2957487 (10.5%/14.5%)	928248 (6.3%/4.6%)	243259 (8.3%/1.2%)	43267 (8.0%/0.0%)
10–14	20677194 (6.7%)	13737332 (6.1%/66.4%)	3034266 (7.8%/14.7%)	2736570 (9.7%/13.2%)	881590 (6.0%/4.3%)	245049 (8.4%/1.19%)	42387 (7.8%/0.2%)
15–19	22040343 (7.1%)	14620638 (6.5%/66.4%)	3448051 (8.9%/15.6%)	2704571 (9.6%/12.3%)	956028 (6.5%/4.3%)	263805 (9.0%/1.2%)	47250 (8.7%/0.2%)
20–24	21585999 (7.0%)	14535947 (6.5%/67.3%)	3111397 (8.0%/14.4%)	2538967 (9.0%/11.8%)	1106222 (7.5%/5.1%)	240716 (8.2%/1.1%)	52750 (9.8%/0.2%)
25–29	21101849 (6.8%)	14345364 (6.4%/68.0%)	2786254 (7.2%/13.2%)	2464343 (8.8%/11.7%)	1234322 (8.4%/5.9%)	221654 (7.6%/1.1%)	49912 (9.2%/0.2%)
30–34	19962099 (6.5%)	13573270 (6.1%/68.0%)	2627925 (6.8%/13.2%)	2273322 (8.1%/11.4%)	1240906 (8.5%/6.2%)	202928 (6.9%/1.0%)	43748 (8.1%/0.2%)
35–39	20179642 (6.5%)	13996797 (6.3%/69.36%)	2613389 (6.7%/13.0%)	2038408 (7.2%/10.1%)	1296301 (8.8%/6.4%)	196017 (6.7%/1.0%)	38730 (7.2%/0.2%)
40–44	20890964 (6.8%)	15052798 (6.7%/72.1%)	2669034 (6.9%/12.8%)	1782463 (6.3%/8.5%)	1155565 (7.9%/5.5%)	194713 (6.6%/0.9%)	36391 (6.7%/0.2%)
45–49	22708591 (7.4%)	17028255 (7.6%/75.0%)	2828657 (7.3%/12.5%)	1532117 (5.4%/6.8%)	1076060 (7.3%/4.7%)	207857 (7.1%/0.9%)	35645 (6.6%/0.2%)
50–54	22298125 (7.2%)	17178632 (7.7%/77.0%)	2694247 (6.9%/12.1%)	1222175 (4.3%/5.5%)	980282 (6.7%/4.4%)	191893 (6.5%/0.9%)	30896 (5.7%/0.1%)
55–59	19664805 (6.4%)	15562187 (7.0%/79.1%)	2205820 (5.7%/11.2%)	873943 (3.1%/4.4%)	844490 (5.8%/4.3%)	154320 (5.3%/0.8%)	24045 (4.5%/0.1%)
60–64	16817924 (5.4%)	13693334 (6.1%/81.4%)	1686695 (4.3%/10.0%)	611144 (2.2%/3.6%)	689601 (4.7%/4.1%)	118362 (4.0%/0.7%)	18788 (3.5%/0.1%)
65–69	12435263 (4.0%)	10313002 (4.6%/82.9%)	1162577 (3.0%/9.4%)	394208 (1.4%/3.2%)	474327 (3.2%/3.8%)	79079 (2.7%/0.6%)	12070 (2.2%/0.1%)
70–74	9278166 (3.0%)	7740932 (3.5%/83.4%)	852317 (2.2%/9.2%)	268574 (1.0%/2.9%)	354268 (2.4%/3.8%)	53926 (1.8%/0.6%)	8149 (1.5%/0.1%)
75–79	7317795 (2.4%)	6224569 (2.8%/85.1%)	616789 (1.6%/8.4%)	184596 (0.7%/2.5%)	251210 (1.7%/3.4%)	35268 (1.2%/0.5%)	5363 (1.0%/0.1%)
80–84	5743327 (1.9%)	5002427 (2.2%/87.1%)	424592 (1.1%/7.4%)	122249 (0.4%/2.1%)	168879 (1.2%/2.9%)	21963 (0.7%/0.4%)	3217 (0.6%/0.1%)
85+	5493433 (1.8%)	4858307 (2.2%/88.4%)	382122 (1.0%/7.0%)	95824 (0.3%/1.7%)	137942 (0.9%/2.5%)	16824 (0.6%/0.3%)	2414 (0.4%/0.0%)

Total fertility rate (TFR)

In 1800 the average U.S. woman had 7.04 children;^[102] by the first decade of the 1900s, this number had already decreased to 3.56.^[103] Since 1971, the birth rate has generally been below the replacement rate of 2.1.^[104]^[105]^: 3 Since the Great Recession of 2007, the rate has consistently been below replacement.^[104]^[105]^: 3 The drop in the TFR from 2.08 per woman in 2007 to 1.76 in 2017 was mostly due to the declining birth rate of ethnic minorities, teenagers and women in their 30s.^[106] During that period, the birthrate for women ages 35 to 44 has risen.^[104]^[106] The 12 month ending general fertility rate increased from 56.6 to 57.0 in 2022 Q1 compared to 2021 Q4.^[107]

Total Fertility Rates from 1800 to 2020

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. Sources: Ansley J. Coale, Zelnik and National Center for Health Statistics.^[108]

Years	1800	1810	1820	1830	1840	1850	1860	1870	1880	1890	1900^[108]
Total Fertility Rate in the United States	7.0	6.9	6.7	6.6	6.1	5.4	5.2	4.6	4.2	3.9	3.6

Years	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010^[108]	2020
Total Fertility Rate in the United States	3.4	3.2	2.5	2.2	3.0	3.5	2.5	1.8	2.08	2.06	1.93	1.64

The U.S. total fertility rate as of 2020 is 1.641^[80]

1.55 for non-Hispanic whites^[80]
1.71 for non-Hispanic Blacks^[80]
1.65 for Native Americans (including Hispanics)
1.53 for Asian Americans (including Hispanics)

Other:^[46]

1.88 for Hispanics (of all racial groups)^[80]

(Note that ≈95% of Hispanics are included as "white Hispanics" by CDC, which does not recognize the Census's "Some other race" category and counts people in that category as white.)

Source: National Vital statistics report based on 2010 US Census data^[109]

Total fertility rates by state

Births and fertility by race

A total of 3,659,289 babies were born in 2021, a 1% increase from 2020. Additionally, researchers also looked at births by race and found that White and Hispanic women each saw the number of births increase by about 2% from 2020 to 2021. Meanwhile, Black and Asian women saw the number of births decline by 2.4% and 2.5%, respectively, over the same period, while American Indian/Alaskan Native women saw their numbers fall by 3.2%.^[110] It also marks the first rise in births since 2014. Prior to this report, the total number of births had been decreasing by an average of 2% per year.^[110] However, the total fertility rate (the number of births that the average women have over their lifetimes) was 1.6635 births per every woman. This is still below the replacement level, the level a population needs to replace itself, which is, at least, 2.1 births per woman.^[110]

Quarterlies of years, Recent estimates. Race and Hispanic origin refers to the mother.^[111]
General Fertility Rate: 15–44 years	2020 Q1	2020 Q2	2020 Q3	2020 Q4	2021 Q1	2021 Q2	2021 Q3	2021 Q4	2022 Q1	2022 Q2	2022 Q3
All races and origins	58.1	57.6	56.8	56.0	55.0	55.2	55.6	56.3	56.6	56.4	56.2
Hispanic	65.2	64.7	63.9	63.1	61.5	61.7	62.2	63.4	64.8	65.1	65.7
Non-Hispanic Black	61.3	61.0	60.1	59.2	57.7	57.3	57.3	57.4	57.5	57.2	56.6
Non-Hispanic White	55.2	54.7	54.0	53.2	52.7	53.1	53.6	54.4	54.3	53.7	53.2

Number of Births and Total Fertility Rate (number of births/mother) by race and origin^[112]^[113]^[114]
Year	Total	Non-Hispanic White	Non-Hispanic Black	Hispanic	Non-Hispanic Asian	Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native	Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian	Multiracial
2021	3,664,292 (TFR: 1.664)	1,887,656 (TFR: 1.598)	517,889 (TFR: 1.675)	885,916 (TFR: 1.899)	213,813 (TFR: 1.351)	26,124 (TFR: 1.477)	9,531 (TFR: 2.131)	86,982 (TFR: 1.52)
2020	3,613,647 (TFR: 1.641)	1,843,432 (TFR: 1.551)	529,811 (TFR: 1.713)	866,713 (TFR: 1.879)	219,068 (TFR: 1.379)	26,813 (TFR: 1.520)	9,626 (TFR: 2.134)
2019	3,747,540(TRF: 1.706	1,915,912 (TFR: 1.610)	548,075 (TFR: 1.775)	886,467 (TFR: 1.940)	238,769 (TFR: 1.511)	28,450 (TFR: 1.611)	9.770 (TFR: 2,178)

Number of Births, by race and Hispanic origin of the mother and month of birth: United States, January–June, final 2019 and 2020, and provisional 2021 (Provisional 2021 data is based on 99.92% of births)^[115]
Race and Hispanic origin of mother and year	January–June	January	February	March	April	May	June	Total pop.'s percent (January–June)
Non-Hispanic White (2019)	937,741	156,819	142,992	157,502	156,516	165,587	158,325	51.67%
Non-Hispanic White (2020)	916,986	152,519	138,756	155,981	150,953	156,888	156,933	51.43%
Non-Hispanic White (2021)	914,813	142,083	138,803	159,055	153,980	156,969	163,923	52.32%
Non-Hispanic Black (2019)	262,114	47,486	41,497	43,583	42,151	44,584	42,813	14.45%
Non-Hispanic Black (2020)	259,759	46,356	40,587	43,591	41,395	42,999	43,381	14.57%
Non-Hispanic Black (2021)	245,753	41,310	38,628	41,952	39,810	40,936	43,117	14.05%
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska native (2019)	14,013	2,525	2,182	2,332	2,293	2,382	2,299	0.77%
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska native (2020)	13,234	2,292	1,977	2,213	2,195	2,240	2,246	0.74%
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska native (2021)	12,498	2,135	1,932	2,181	2,098	1,961	2,191	0.69%
Non-Hispanic Asian (2019)	116,289	19,628	17,975	19,910	19,261	20,168	19,347	6.41%
Non-Hispanic Asian (2020)	110,811	19,303	17,068	19,268	17,986	18,696	17,880	6.21%
Non-Hispanic Asian (2021)	102,279	15,658	15,410	18,019	17,482	17,552	18,158	5.85%
Non-Hispanic Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (2019)	4,695	790	762	814	738	847	744	0.26%
Non-Hispanic Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (2020)	4,665	803	759	794	705	820	757	0.26%
Non-Hispanic Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (2021)	4,413	799	616	753	731	806	708	0.25%
Hispanic (of any race) (2019)	421,991	73,742	65,667	70,442	68,517	72,747	70,876	23.26%
Hispanic (of any race) (2020)	420,563	73,601	65,140	70,361	68,000	70,085	71,050	23.59%
Hispanic (of any race) (2021)	409,941	65,687	61,961	70,060	68,202	70,722	73,309	23.44%
All races and origins (2019)	1,814,497	310,872	279,963	304,237	298,947	316,386	304,092
All races and origins (2020)	1,783,124	304,722	272,907	301,625	290,478	301,481	302,164
All races and origins (2021)	1,748,768	276,980	266,107	302,137	292,454	299,308	311,782

Percent change in births from 2019 to 2020 and 2020–2021^[115]
Race and Hispanic origin of mother and year	January–June	January	February	March	April	May	June
Non-Hispanic White (2019-2020)	-2	-3	-3	-1	-4	-5	-1
Non-Hispanic White (2020-2021)	†0	-7	†0	2	2	†0	4
Non-Hispanic Black (2019-2020)	-1	-2	-2	†0	-2	-4	†1
Non-Hispanic Black (2020-2021)	-5	-11	-5	-4	-4	-5	†-1
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska native (2019-2020)	-6	-9	-9	†-5	†-4	-6	†-2
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska native (2020-2021)	-6	-7	†-2	†-1	†-4	-12	†-2
Non-Hispanic Asian (2019-2020)	-5	†-2	-5	-3	-7	-7	-8
Non-Hispanic Asian (2020-2021)	-8	-19	-10	-6	-3	-6	†2
Non-Hispanic Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (2019-2020)	†-1	†2	†0	†-2	†-4	†-3	†2
Non-Hispanic Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (2020-2021)	5	†0	-19	†-5	†4	†-2	†-6
Hispanic (of any race) (2019-2020)	†0	†0	†-1	†0	†-1	-4	†0
Hispanic (of any race) (2020-2021)	-3	-11	-5	†0	†0	†1	3
All races and origins (2019-2020)	-2	-2	-3	-1	-3	-5	-1
All races and origins (2020-2021)	-2	-9	-2	†0	1	-1	3

U.S.-born residents

Note: Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Also note that growth arrows indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births, not in the fertility rate.^[46]^[116]^[117]^[118]

Race of mother	Number of births in 2016	% of all born	TFR (2016)	Number of births in 2017	% of all born	TFR (2017)	Number of births in 2018	% of all born	TFR (2018)	Number of births in 2019	% of all born	TFR (2019)	Number of births in 2020	% of all born	TFR (2020)	2020-2016
White	2,900,933	73.5%	1.77	2,812,267	72.9%	1.76	2,788,439	73.5%	1.75
> NH White	2,056,332	52.1%	1.719	1,992,461	51.7%	1.666	1,956,413	51.6%	1.640	1,915,912	51.1%	1.611	1,843,432	51.0%	1.552	10.35%
Black	623,886	15.8%	1.90	626,027	16.2%	1.92	600,933	15.8%	1.87
> NH Black	558,622	14.2%	1.832	560,715	14.5%	1.824	552,029	14.6%	1.792	548,075	14.6%	1.776	529,811	14.7%	1.714	5.16%
NH Asian	254,471	6.5%	1.690	249,250	6.5%	1.597	240,798	6.4%	1.525	238,769	6.4%	1.511	219,068	6.1%	1.385	13.9%
NH American Indian or Alaska native	31,452	0.8%	1.794	29,957	0.8%	1.702	29,092	0.8%	1.651	28,450	0.76%	1.612	26,813	0.74%	1.517	14.75%
NH Hawaiian (incl. other Pacific Islander)	9,342	0.2%	2.076	9,426	0.2%	2.085	9,476	0.3%	2.106	9,770	0.26%	2.178	9,626	0.26%	2.142	3.04%
Total	3,945,875	100%	1.820	3,855,500	100%	1.765	3,791,712	100%	1.729	3,747,540	100%	1.706	3,613,647	100%	1.641	9.84%

NOTE:

NH = Non-Hispanic.
TFR = Total fertility rate (number of children born per woman).
Growth arrows (/) indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births, not in the fertility rate, comparing to the previous year.

Ethnicity of mother	Number of births in 2016	% of all born	TFR (2016)	Number of births in 2017	% of all born	TFR (2017)	Number of births in 2018	% of all born	TFR (2018)	Number of births in 2019	% of all born	TFR (2019)	Number of births in 2020	% of all born	TFR (2020)	2020-2016
Non-Hispanic (of any race)	3,027,428			2,956,736			2,905,502			2,861,073			2,746,933
Hispanic (of any race)	918,447	23.3%	2.093	898,764	23.3%	2.007	886,210	23.4%	1.959	886,467	23.7%	1.940	866,714	24.0%	1.876	5.63%

Foreign-born total fertility rate by race
and those of Hispanic origin^[119]
Race	2008	2011	2013
White	2.29	2.01	1.94
Black	2.51	2.57	2.35
Asian	2.25	2.02	1.93
Other	1.80	2.04	2.06
Hispanic (of any race)	3.15	2.77	2.46
Total	2.75	2.45	2.22

Percent of births to White Non-Hispanic women that were their 8th+ child, by U.S. state, in 2021

New York: 2.21%, New Jersey: 1.7%, Wisconsin: 1.04%, Arkansas: 1.02%, Montana: 0.86%, Ohio: 0.85%, Iowa: 0.84%, Pennsylvania: 0.82%, Kansas: 0.76%, Kentucky: 0.76%, Utah: 0.75%, Minnesota: 0.75%, Indiana: 0.72%, Wyoming: 0.72%, Mississippi: 0.7%, Michigan: 0.7%, Idaho 0.65%, West Virginia: 0.64%, Arizona: 0.62%, North Dakota 0.59%, South Dakota 0.54%, Arkansas 0.51%, New Mexico: 0.50%, Maryland: 0.49%, Oregon: 0.46%, Michigan: 0.44%, Oklahoma: 0.44%, Florida: 0.43%, Tennessee: 0.42%, Virginia: 0.41%, Illinois: 0.40%, Nevada: 0.40%, West Virginia: 0.39%, Delaware: 0.38%, Georgia: 0.36%, Nebraska: 0.36%, Texas: 0.33%, Alabama: 0.33%, Missouri: 0.32%, Vermont: 0.31%, South Carolina: 0.30%, California: 0.29%, Colorado: 0.29%, North Carolina: 0.25%, Alaska: 0.25%, Connecticut: 0.20%, New Hampshire: 0.19%, Massachusetts: 0.17%.

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.1 years (2020 est.)^[80]

Life expectancy

Total population: 80.8 years (2023),^[120]^[121] 76.1 years (2021), 77.0 years (2020)^[122]
Male: 78.5 years (2023),^[120]^[121] 73.2 years (2021), 74.2 years (2020)
Female: 82.9 years (2023),^[120]^[121] 79.9 years (2021), 79.9 years (2020)

The average life expectancy in the United States has been declining since 2014. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cites three main reasons: a 72% increase in overdoses in the last decade (including a 30% increase in opioid overdoses from July 2016 to September 2017, but did not differentiate between accidental overdose with a legal prescription and overdose with opioids obtained illegally and/or combined with illegal drugs i.e., heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, etc.), a ten-year increase in liver disease (the rate for men age 25 to 34 increased by 8% per year; for women, by 11% per year), and a 33% increase in suicide rates since 1999.^[123]

From 2019 to 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to approximately 61% of the decrease in life expectancy in the United States.^[124] While increases in mortality from unintentional injuries, heart disease, homicide, and diabetes contributed to 11.7%, 5.8%, 2.9%, and 2.8% of the decrease in life expectancy from 2019 to 2020, respectively.^[124] Life expectancy has also varied by racial and ethnic group, with Non-Hispanic Asians having the highest life expectancy and Non-Hispanic American Indians having the lowest.^[124] In 2021, life expectancy at birth in the United States fell for the second year in a row, the first two-year drop since 1961–1963.^[125]

Life expectancy at birth by Hispanic origin and race, and sex:
United States, 2019, 2020 & 2021^[122]
Race	Males 2021	Females 2021	Total 2021*	Total 2020	Total 2019	2019 to 2021 /
NH White	73.7	79.2	76.4	77.4	78.8	2.4
NH Black	66.7	74.8	70.8	71.5	74.8	4.0
NH Asian	81.2	85.6	83.5	83.6	85.6	2.1
NH American Indian or Alaska Native	61.5	69.2	65.2	67.1	71.8	6.6
Hispanic	74.4	81.0	77.7	77.9	81.9	4.2
All origins and races	73.2	79.1	76.1	77.0	78.8	2.7

NOTE: Life expectancy at birth data for 2021 are provisional.*

NH = Non-Hispanic.
LEB = Life expectancy at birth
Growth arrows (/) indicate an increase or decrease in total life expectancy compared to years before.

Life expectancy at birth from 1901 to 2015

Life expectancy in the United States from 1901 to 2015. Source: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1901–1950

Years	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910^[126]
Life expectancy in the United States	49.3	50.5	50.6	49.6	50.3	50.2	50.1	51.9	52.8	51.8

Years	1911	1912	1913	1914	1915	1916	1917	1918	1919	1920^[126]
Life expectancy in the United States	53.4	54.1	53.5	54.6	55.1	54.2	54.0	47.0	55.3	55.4

Years	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930^[126]
Life expectancy in the United States	58.2	58.1	57.5	58.5	58.5	57.9	59.4	58.3	58.5	59.6

Years	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940^[126]
Life expectancy in the United States	60.3	61.0	60.9	60.2	60.9	60.4	61.1	62.4	63.1	63.2

Years	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950^[126]
Life expectancy in the United States	63.8	64.6	64.3	65.1	65.6	66.3	66.7	67.3	67.6	68.1

1901–2015

Period	Life expectancy in Years
1901–1909	49.3 – 52.8
1910–1919	53.5 – 55.3^[127]
1920–1929	55.4 – 59.4
1930–1939	60.2 – 63.1
1940–1949	63.8 – 67.6
1950–1955	68.7
1955–1960	69.7
1960–1965	70.1
1965–1970	70.4
1970–1975	71.4
1975–1980	73.3
1980–1985	74.4
1985–1990	74.9
1990–1995	75.7
1995–2000	76.5
2000–2005	77.2
2005–2010	78.2
2010–2015	78.9
2015–2020	78.8

Source: UN World Population Prospects^[128]

Life tables

Life table of the United States, 2020^[124]
	Females		Males		Total
Age	Cohort	Life expectancy	Cohort	Life expectancy	Cohort	Life expectancy
0	100,000	79.9	100,000	74.2	100,000	77.0
1	99,508	79.3	99,415	73.6	99,461	76.4
5	99,429	75.3	99,313	69.7	99,377	72.5
10	99,381	70.4	99,254	64.7	99,323	67.5
15	99,317	65.4	99,155	59.8	99,242	62.6
20	99,157	60.5	98,741	55.0	98,952	57.7
25	98,876	55.7	97,961	50.5	98,415	53.0
30	98,479	50.9	96,994	45.9	97,725	48.4
35	97,933	46.2	95,815	41.5	96,856	43.8
40	97,215	41.5	94,420	37.0	95,794	39.3
45	96,266	36.9	92,731	32.7	94,471	34.8
50	94,928	32.4	90,497	28.4	92,680	30.4
55	92,979	28.0	87,332	24.3	90,115	26.2
60	90,111	23.8	82,736	20.5	86,376	22.2
65	86,039	19.8	76,439	17.0	81,181	18.5
70	80,547	15.9	68,491	13.7	74,466	14.9
75	72,737	12.4	58,588	10.6	65,565	11.6
80	61,298	9.2	45,661	7.8	53,346	8.6
85	45,424	6.5	30,276	5.5	37,700	6.1
90	26,271	4.4	14,824	3.7	20,477	4.2
95	9,599	2.9	4,216	2.5	6,889	2.8
100	1,727	2.0	549	1.8	1,142	2.0

Population projections

The United States Census Bureau's 2017 projections were produced using the cohort-component method. In the cohort-component method, the components of population change (fertility, mortality, and net migration) are projected separately for each birth cohort (persons born in a given year). The base population is advanced each year by using projected survival rates and net international migration. Each year, a new birth cohort is added to the population by applying the projected fertility rates to the female population.

U.S. population projections (resident population as of July 1, in thousands)^[129]
Year	Population
2017	325,511
2018	327,892
2019	330,269
2020	332,639
2021	334,998
2022	337,342
2023	339,665
2024	341,963
2025	344,234
2026	346,481
2027	348,695
2028	350,872
2029	353,008
2030	355,101
2031	357,147
2032	359,147
2033	361,099
2034	363,003
2035	364,862
2036	366,676
2037	368,448
2038	370,179
2039	371,871
2040	373,528
2041	375,152
2042	376,746
2043	378,314
2044	379,861
2045	381,390
2046	382,907
2047	384,415
2048	385,918
2049	387,419
2050	388,922
2051	390,431
2052	391,947
2053	393,473
2054	395,009
2055	396,557
2056	398,118
2057	399,691
2058	401,277
2059	402,874
2060	404,483

Observed and Total Population for the States, 2030-2040^[130]
states	2030	2040
Alabama	5,029,833	5,056,796
Alaska	792,188	819,954
Arizona	8,238,407	9,166,279
Arkansas	3,155,798	3,217,535
California	43,751,116	46,467,001
Colorado	6,766,983	7,692,907
Connecticut	3,601,202	3,542,707
Delaware	1,082,192	1,164,344
District of Columbia	888,891	1,058,820
Florida	25,372,664	28,886,983
Georgia (U.S. state)	11,835,126	12,820,271
Hawaii	1,548,831	1,619,703
Idaho	2,008,329	2,227,842
Illinois	12,709,901	12,397,564
Indiana	6,978,254	7,095,000
Iowa	3,317,412	3,392,783
Kansas	3,011,782	3,032,653
Kentucky	4,648,190	4,714,761
Louisiana	4,945,783	5,062,780
Maine	1,344,841	1,326,159
Maryland	6,553,548	6,842,902
Massachusetts	7,420,882	7,742,628
Michigan	10,068,941	9,960,115
Minnesota	6,070,551	6,364,886
Mississippi	3,003,963	2,962,160
Missouri	6,318,126	6,359,970
Montana	1,163,353	1,236,304
Nebraska	2,089,841	2,190,918
Nevada	3,591,043	4,058,371
New Hampshire	1,385,799	1,393,451
New Jersey	9,363,317	9,470,012
New Mexico	2,132,823	2,127,318
New York	20,638,066	20,873,488
North Carolina	11,673,849	12,658,927
North Dakota	923,452	1,060,457
Ohio	11,837,405	11,751,540
Oklahoma	4,253,604	4,439,038
Oregon	4,738,074	5,164,041
Pennsylvania	12,946,245	12,809,150
Rhode Island	1,068,663	1,055,318
South Carolina	5,792,247	6,352,502
South Dakota	973,361	1,043,032
Tennessee	7,395,106	7,823,662
Texas	34,738,482	40,015,913
Utah	3,786,963	4,344,339
Vermont	617,969	601,865
Virginia	9,331,666	9,876,728
Washington	8,746,493	9,776,126
West Virginia	1,746,577	1,661,849
Wisconsin	5,971,617	5,997,137
Wyoming	605,972	615,787

Race and ethnicity

Hispanics and Non-Hispanics in the United States (2020 census)^[7]

Non-Hispanic Americans (81.27%)

Hispanic Americans (18.73%)

**United States of America – Racial and Ethnic Composition**
(*NH = Non-Hispanic*)
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
Race / Ethnicity	Pop 2000^[131]	Pop 2010^[132]	Pop 2020^[133]	% 2000	% 2010	% 2020
White alone (NH)	194,552,774	196,817,552	191,697,647	69.13%	63.75%	57.84%
Black or African American alone (NH)	33,947,837	37,685,848	39,940,338	12.06%	12.21%	12.05%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	2,068,883	2,247,098	2,251,699	0.74%	0.73%	0.68%
Asian alone (NH)	10,123,169	14,465,124	19,618,719	3.60%	4.69%	5.92%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	353,509	481,576	622,018	0.13%	0.16%	0.19%
Some Other Race alone (NH)	467,770	604,265	1,689,833	0.17%	0.20%	0.51%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)	4,602,146	5,966,481	13,548,983	1.64%	1.93%	4.09%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	35,305,818	50,477,594	62,080,044	12.55%	16.35%	18.73%
Total	281,421,906	308,745,538	331,449,281	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

Hispanic and Non-Hispanic racial groups (2020 census)

Racial Non-Hispanic groups in the United States (2020 census)^[7]

White (71.16%)

African (14.83%)

Asian (7.28%)

Multiracial (5.03%)

Native (0.84%)

Islander (0.23%)

Others (0.63%)

Non-Hispanic Americans in 2020
Year	Population	% of Non-Hispanics	% of the USA	Percent Change
White (alone)	191,697,647	71.16%	57.83%	-2.6%
African (alone)	39,940,338	14.83%	12.05%	6.0%
Asian (alone)	19,618,719	7.28%	5.92%	35.6%
Multiracial	13,548,983	5.03%	4.09%	127.1%
Native (alone)	2,251,699	0.84%	0.67%	0.2%
Pacific Islander (alone)	622,018	0.23%	0.19%	29.2%
Some Other Race (alone)	1,689,833	0.63%	0.51%	179.7%
Total	269,369,237	100%	81.27%
Source: 2020 United States census^[7]

Racial Hispanic groups in the United States (2020 census)^[7]

Multiracial (32.70%)

White (20.26%)

Native (2.38%)

African (1.87%)

Asian (0.43%)

Islander (0.11%)

Others (42.25%)

Hispanic Americans in 2020
Year	Population	% of Hispanics	% of the USA	Percent Change
Multiracial	20,299,960	32.70%	6.12%	567.2%
White (alone)	12,579,626	20.26%	3.80%	-52.9%
Native (alone)	1,475,436	2.38%	0.45%	115.3%
African (alone)	1,163,862	1.87%	0.35%	-6.2%
Asian (alone)	267,330	0.43%	0.08%	27.8%
Pacific Islander (alone)	67,948	0.11%	0.02%	16.3%
Some Other Race (alone)	26,225,882	42.25%	7.91%	41.7%
Total	62,080,044	100%	18.73%
Source: 2020 United States census^[7]

Racial groups in the United States (2020 census) including racial identification of Hispanic^[134]

White Americans (61.6%)

Black Americans (12.4%)

Two or more races (10.2%)

Some other race (8.4%)

Asian Americans (6.0%)

Native Americans (1.1%)

Pacific Islander Americans (0.2%)

Racial and ethnic groups in the United States (2020 census)^[135]

White Americans* (57.8%)

Hispanic Americans** (18.7%)

Black Americans* (12.1%)

Asian Americans* (5.9%)

Two or more races* (4.1%)

Native Americans* (0.7%)

Some other race* (0.5%)

Pacific Islander Americans* (0.2%)

*NHL
**OAR

Counties in the United States by percentage of the population which is non-Hispanic or Latino and/or non-white according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[136] Counties with larger populations of Hispanic/Latino and/or non-white than the United States as a whole are in full purple.

States in the United States by Hispanic/Latino and/or non-white population according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[136] States with larger Hispanic/Latino and/or non-white populations than the United States as a whole are in full purple.

Race

The United States Census Bureau collects racial data in accordance with guidelines provided by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and these data are based on self-identification. Many other countries count multiple races based on origin while America compiles multiple dozens of ethnicity groups into skin color grouping them together.^[137] The racial classifications and definitions used by the U.S. Census Bureau are:^[138]

White: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.^[139] It includes people who indicate their race as "White" or report entries such as English, Iranian (Azerbaijani, Kurd and Lur), Irish, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.
Black or African American: a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.^[139] It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am." or report entries such as African American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.
American Indian or Alaska Native: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.^[139] This category includes people who indicate their race as "American Indian or Alaska Native" or report entries such as Navajo, Blackfeet, Inupiat, Yup'ik, Central American Indian groups, or South American Indian groups.
Asian: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of East Asia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.^[139]
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.^[139]
Some other race: includes all other responses not included in the "White", "Black or African American", "American Indian or Alaska Native", "Asian", and "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander" racial categories described above includes Asians from West Asia or Russia (non-European Russia) and White Africans.
Two or more races: people may choose to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, providing multiple responses, or some combination of check boxes and other responses.

Data about race and ethnicity are self-reported to the Census Bureau. Since the 2000 census, Congress has authorized people to identify themselves according to more than one racial classification by selecting more than one category. Only one ethnicity may be selected, however, because the Census Bureau recognizes only two ethnicities – "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino" – which are mutually exclusive since you can be one or the other, but not both. The singular term Hispanic has been supplanted as a federally-recognized ethnicity by the combined "Hispanic or Latino," defined by the Census Bureau as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.^[140]

According to the Census Bureau website, the racial composition of the United States in 2021 was:^[141]

Race (2021)	Population	Share of population
Total	323,175,700	100.0%
(Non-Hispanic) White, percent	187,925,100	58.2%
(Non-Hispanic) Black or African American, percent	37,520,800	11.6%
Hispanic or Latino, percent	61,241,900	19.0%
(Non-Hispanic) Asian, percent	18,558,600	5.7%
(Non-Hispanic) American Indian and Alaska Native, percent	1,667,100	0.5%
(Non-Hispanic) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	541,200	0.2%
Two or more Races, percent	15,711,100	4.9%

According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the racial composition of the United States in 2022 was:^[142]^[143]

Race	Population (2022 est.)	Share of total population
Total	333,287,550	100%
One race	291,505,262	87.5%
White	202,889,020	60.2%
Black or African American	40,603,656	12.2%
American Indian and Alaska Native	3,205,331	1%
Asian	19,696,980	5.9%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	665,807	0.2%
Other races	24,444,482	7.3%
Two or more races	41,782,288	12.5%
White and Black or African American	3,831,683	1.1%
White and American Indian and Alaska Native	3,012,849	0.9%
White and Asian	2,865,504	0.9%
Black or African American and American Indian and Alaska Native	464,679	0.1%
White and Some Other Race	26,317,236	7.9%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	63,553,640	19.1%
Mexican	37,414,772	11.2%
Central American	6,531,267	2%
Puerto Rican	5,905,178	1.8%
South American	4,666,970	1.4%
Cuban	2,435,573	0.7%
Dominican	2,396,784	0.7%
Other Hispanic or Latino	4,203,095	1.3%
Not Hispanic or Latino	269,733,920	80.9%
White (non-Hispanic)	192,153,070	57.7%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)	39,582,960	11.9%
American Indian and Alaska Native (non-Hispanic)	1,750,489	0.5%
Asian (non-Hispanic)	19,415,252	5.8%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic)	590,339	0.2%
Some other race (non-Hispanic)	1,912,680	0.6%
Two or more races	14,329,127	4.3%

United States in racial groups (of one race)
White Americans
African Americans
Asian Americans

United States in ethnic groups
Non-Hispanic White Americans
Hispanic Americans

Distribution of Total Population by Race, 1900 to 2020 (in %)

Hispanic are shown like part of the races. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.^[53]^[64]

Years	1900	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000*	2010*	2020*
White	87.9	88.9	89.7	89.8	89.8	89.5	88.6	87.5	83.0	80.3	75.1	72.4	61.6
Black or African American	11.6	10.7	9.9	9.7	9.8	10.0	10.5	11.1	11.7	12.1	12.3	12.6	12.4
American Indian and Alaska Native									0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.1
Asian and Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander									1.5	2.9	3.8	5.0	6.2
Some other race									3.0	3.9	5.5	6.2	8.4
Two or more races											2.4	2.9	10.2
Sum (%)	99.5	99.6	99.6	99.5	99.6	99.5	99.1	98.6	100	100	100	100	100

^*Data are shown for the White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Some other race alone populations.

Median age by each race alone and ethnicity, 2021

Source: United States Census Bureau.^[144]

Race	Median age (both sexes) (years)	Median age (male) (years)	Median age (female) (years)
Total Population	38.8	37.7	39.8
White (Non-Hispanic)	43.8	42.6	45.0
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)	34.5	32.9	36.1
American Indian and Alaska Native (Non-Hispanic)	32.1	31.8	32.5
Asian (Non-Hispanic)	37.7	36.5	38.9
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (Non-Hispanic)	32.7	32.5	32.9
Two or More Races	21.1	20.4	21.8
Hispanic alone	30.5	30.2	30.8
Not Hispanic	41.0	39.8	42.1

Median age by race alone or in combination and ethnicity, 2021

Source: United States Census Bureau.^[144]

Race	Median age (both sexes) (years)	Median age (male) (years)	Median age (female) (years)
White (include White Hispanics)	39.8	38.9	40.8
Black or African American	32.7	31.2	34.2
American Indian and Alaska Native	31.6	30.9	32.2
Asian	35.4	34.1	36.6
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	29.8	29.3	30.3
White (excludes White Hispanics)	42.8	41.7	44.0

**Most common age by race/ethnicity, 2018**^[145]
Race/ethnicity	White	Black or African American	Hispanic	Asian	American Indian and Alaska Native	Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander	Multiracial
Most common age	58 yo	27 yo	11 yo	29 yo	26 yo	28 yo	3 yo

**Racial breakdown of population by state (plus D.C. and Puerto Rico), 2015^[146]**
State or territory	Population (2015 est.)	White	Black or African American	American Indian and Alaska Native	Asian	Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	Some other race	Two or more races
Alabama	4,830,620	68.8%	26.4%	0.5%	1.2%	0.1%	1.3%	1.7%
Alaska	733,375	66.0%	3.4%	13.8%	5.9%	1.2%	1.3%	8.4%
Arizona	6,641,928	78.4%	4.2%	4.4%	3.0%	0.2%	6.5%	3.2%
Arkansas	2,958,208	78.0%	15.5%	0.6%	1.4%	0.2%	2.1%	2.1%
California	38,421,464	61.8%	5.9%	0.7%	13.7%	0.4%	12.9%	4.5%
Colorado	5,278,906	84.2%	4.0%	0.9%	2.9%	0.1%	4.3%	3.5%
Connecticut	3,593,222	77.3%	10.3%	0.2%	4.2%	0.0%	5.1%	2.8%
Delaware	926,454	69.4%	21.6%	0.3%	3.6%	0.0%	2.3%	2.7%
District of Columbia	647,484	40.2%	48.9%	0.3%	3.7%	0.0%	4.2%	2.7%
Florida	19,645,772	76.0%	16.1%	0.3%	2.6%	0.1%	2.5%	2.4%
Georgia	10,006,693	60.2%	30.9%	0.3%	3.6%	0.0%	2.8%	2.1%
Hawaii	1,406,299	25.4%	2.0%	0.2%	37.7%	9.9%	1.1%	23.7%
Idaho	1,616,547	91.7%	0.6%	1.3%	1.3%	0.1%	2.4%	2.6%
Illinois	12,873,761	72.3%	14.3%	0.2%	5.0%	0.0%	5.8%	2.2%
Indiana	6,568,645	84.2%	9.2%	0.2%	1.9%	0.0%	2.3%	2.2%
Iowa	3,093,526	91.2%	3.2%	0.3%	2.0%	0.1%	1.3%	2.0%
Kansas	2,892,987	85.2%	5.8%	0.8%	2.6%	0.1%	2.2%	3.3%
Kentucky	4,397,353	87.6%	7.9%	0.2%	1.3%	0.0%	0.9%	2.1%
Louisiana	4,625,253	62.8%	32.1%	0.6%	1.7%	0.0%	1.0%	1.8%
Maine	1,329,100	95.0%	1.1%	0.6%	1.1%	0.0%	0.2%	2.0%
Maryland	5,930,538	57.6%	29.5%	0.3%	6.0%	0.0%	3.6%	3.0%
Massachusetts	6,705,586	79.6%	7.1%	0.2%	6.0%	0.0%	4.2%	2.9%
Michigan	9,900,571	79.0%	14.0%	0.5%	2.7%	0.0%	1.1%	2.6%
Minnesota	5,419,171	84.8%	5.5%	1.0%	4.4%	0.0%	1.5%	2.7%
Mississippi	2,988,081	59.2%	37.4%	0.4%	1.0%	0.0%	0.9%	1.2%
Missouri	6,045,448	82.6%	11.5%	0.4%	1.8%	0.1%	1.1%	2.4%
Montana	1,014,699	89.2%	0.5%	6.5%	0.7%	0.1%	0.5%	2.5%
Nebraska	1,869,365	88.1%	4.7%	0.9%	2.0%	0.1%	1.9%	2.2%
Nevada	2,798,636	69.0%	8.4%	1.1%	7.7%	0.6%	8.8%	4.4%
New Hampshire	1,324,201	93.7%	1.3%	0.2%	2.4%	0.0%	0.5%	1.8%
New Jersey	8,904,413	68.3%	13.5%	0.2%	9.0%	0.0%	6.4%	2.5%
New Mexico	2,084,117	73.2%	2.1%	9.1%	1.4%	0.1%	10.9%	3.3%
New York	19,673,174	64.6%	15.6%	0.4%	8.0%	0.0%	8.6%	2.9%
North Carolina	9,845,333	69.5%	21.5%	1.2%	2.5%	0.1%	3.0%	2.4%
North Dakota	721,640	88.7%	1.6%	5.3%	1.2%	0.0%	0.8%	2.2%
Ohio	11,575,977	82.4%	12.2%	0.2%	1.9%	0.0%	0.8%	2.5%
Oklahoma	3,849,733	73.1%	7.2%	7.3%	1.9%	0.1%	2.6%	7.8%
Oregon	3,939,233	85.1%	1.8%	1.2%	4.0%	0.4%	3.4%	4.1%
Pennsylvania	12,779,559	81.6%	11.0%	0.2%	3.1%	0.0%	2.0%	2.1%
Puerto Rico	3,583,073	69.7%	8.4%	0.3%	0.3%	0.0%	12.0%	9.3%
Rhode Island	1,053,661	81.1%	6.5%	0.5%	3.2%	0.0%	5.8%	2.8%
South Carolina	4,777,576	67.2%	27.5%	0.3%	1.4%	0.1%	1.5%	2.0%
South Dakota	843,190	85.0%	1.6%	8.6%	1.2%	0.0%	0.9%	2.6%
Tennessee	6,499,615	77.8%	16.8%	0.3%	1.6%	0.1%	1.5%	2.0%
Texas	26,538,614	74.9%	11.9%	0.5%	4.2%	0.1%	6.0%	2.5%
Utah	2,903,379	87.6%	1.1%	1.1%	2.2%	0.9%	4.5%	2.6%
Vermont	626,604	94.9%	1.1%	0.3%	1.4%	0.0%	0.3%	1.9%
Virginia	8,256,630	69.0%	19.2%	0.3%	6.0%	0.1%	2.2%	3.2%
Washington	6,985,464	77.8%	3.6%	1.3%	7.7%	0.6%	3.8%	5.2%
West Virginia	1,851,420	93.6%	3.3%	0.2%	0.7%	0.0%	0.2%	2.0%
Wisconsin	5,742,117	86.5%	6.3%	0.9%	2.5%	0.0%	1.7%	2.1%
Wyoming	579,679	91.0%	1.1%	2.2%	0.9%	0.1%	2.1%	2.7%

**Racial and Ethnic breakdown of population by state (plus D.C. and Puerto Rico), 2022**^[147]
State or territory	Population (2022 est.)	White (Non Hispanic)	Black or African American (Non Hispanic)	American Indian and Alaska Native (Non Hispanic)	Asian (Non Hispanic)	Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (Non Hispanic)	Some other race (Non Hispanic)	Two or more races (Non Hispanic)	Hispanic or Latino
Alabama	5,074,296	64.1%	25.6%	0.3%	1.5%	0.0%	0.4%	3.3%	4.9%
Alaska	733,583	57.4%	2.8%	12.7%	6.1%	2.0%	0.5%	10.7%	7.7%
Arizona	7,359,197	51.8%	4.4%	3.3%	3.5%	0.2%	0.5%	3.9%	32.5%
Arkansas	3,045,637	67.5%	14.3%	0.4%	1.6%	0.5%	0.4%	7.0%	8.4%
California	39,029,344	33.7%	5.2%	0.3%	15.3%	0.3%	0.6%	4.3%	40.3%
Colorado	5,839,926	65.0%	3.8%	0.4%	3.1%	0.1%	0.5%	4.6%	22.5%
Connecticut	3,626,205	62.0%	9.8%	0.1%	4.8%	0.0%	0.8%	4.4%	18.2%
Delaware	1,018,396	58.9%	21.6%	0.1%	4.1%	0.0%	0.5%	4.5%	10.3%
District of Columbia	671,803	36.7%	41.7%	0.2%	4.1%	0.1%	0.6%	5.0%	11.7%
Florida	22,244,824	50.8%	14.6%	0.1%	2.8%	0.0%	0.7%	3.9%	27.1%
Georgia	10,912,876	49.6%	30.7%	0.1%	4.4%	0.1%	0.5%	4.2%	10.4%
Hawaii	1,440,196	20.7%	1.6%	0.1%	34.6%	9.3%	0.4%	22.1%	11.1%
Idaho	1,939,033	79.0%	0.6%	0.8%	1.3%	0.2%	0.5%	4.2%	13.5%
Illinois	12,582,032	58.5%	13.2%	0.1%	5.9%	0.0%	0.4%	3.6%	18.3%
Indiana	6,833,037	76.0%	9.2%	0.1%	2.5%	0.0%	0.5%	3.9%	7.8%
Iowa	3,200,517	82.8%	3.7%	0.2%	2.3%	0.3%	0.3%	3.6%	6.8%
Kansas	2,937,150	73.1%	5.0%	0.4%	2.9%	0.1%	0.5%	4.9%	13.0%
Kentucky	4,512,310	82.2%	7.6%	0.1%	1.4%	0.1%	0.3%	4.2%	4.2%
Louisiana	4,590,241	56.7%	30.9%	0.4%	1.8%	0.0%	0.4%	4.0%	5.7%
Maine	1,385,340	90.2%	1.6%	0.4%	1.2%	0.0%	0.4%	4.2%	2.1%
Maryland	6,164,660	47.1%	29.2%	0.1%	6.5%	0.0%	0.8%	4.7%	11.4%
Massachusetts	6,981,974	67.0%	6.6%	0.1%	7.2%	0.0%	1.2%	4.9%	13.0%
Michigan	10,034,118	72.6%	13.1%	0.3%	3.3%	0.0%	0.5%	4.5%	5.7%
Minnesota	5,717,184	76.2%	6.9%	0.7%	5.2%	0.0%	0.6%	4.5%	5.8%
Mississippi	2,940,057	55.3%	36.5%	0.4%	0.9%	0.0%	0.3%	3.3%	3.3%
Missouri	6,177,957	76.6%	10.6%	0.2%	2.1%	0.1%	0.4%	5.1%	4.7%
Montana	1,122,867	83.5%	0.3%	5.2%	0.7%	0.1%	0.8%	4.9%	4.4%
Nebraska	1,967,923	75.8%	4.5%	0.5%	2.5%	0.1%	0.4%	3.9%	12.3%
Nevada	3,177,772	44.4%	9.0%	0.6%	8.8%	0.6%	0.6%	5.7%	30.3%
New Hampshire	1,395,231	86.6%	1.3%	0.1%	2.6%	0.1%	0.5%	4.4%	4.5%
New Jersey	9,261,699	51.5%	12.0%	0.1%	10.0%	0.0%	1.0%	3.6%	21.9%
New Mexico	2,113,344	34.8%	1.7%	8.1%	1.7%	0.0%	0.4%	3.1%	50.2%
New York	19,677,152	52.9%	13.4%	0.2%	9.0%	0.0%	1.1%	3.7%	19.7%
North Carolina	10,698,973	60.7%	20.1%	0.9%	3.2%	0.1%	0.5%	4.1%	10.4%
North Dakota	779,261	82.0%	3.3%	4.3%	1.6%	0.4%	0.4%	3.7%	4.4%
Ohio	11,756,058	76.1%	11.9%	0.1%	2.5%	0.0%	0.4%	4.5%	4.4%
Oklahoma	4,019,800	62.6%	6.7%	6.8%	2.3%	0.1%	0.3%	9.1%	12.1%
Oregon	4,240,137	71.6%	1.8%	0.7%	4.5%	0.4%	0.6%	6.0%	14.4%
Pennsylvania	12,972,008	73.1%	10.1%	0.1%	3.8%	0.0%	0.5%	3.8%	8.6%
Puerto Rico	3,221,789	0.6%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%	0%	0.1%	0.1%	99.0%
Rhode Island	1,093,734	68.2%	4.7%	0.1%	3.4%	0.0%	0.9%	5.2%	17.6%
South Carolina	5,282,634	62.5%	24.9%	0.2%	1.7%	0.0%	0.6%	3.6%	6.5%
South Dakota	909,824	79.9%	2.0%	7.1%	1.4%	0.1%	0.3%	4.5%	4.7%
Tennessee	7,051,339	71.9%	15.5%	0.1%	1.9%	0.1%	0.4%	4.0%	6.3%
Texas	30,029,572	38.9%	11.7%	0.2%	5.4%	0.1%	0.4%	3.2%	40.2%
Utah	3,380,800	75.6%	1.0%	0.7%	2.4%	1.1%	0.4%	3.5%	15.1%
Vermont	647,064	90.2%	1.0%	0.2%	1.8%	0.0%	0.4%	4.2%	2.3%
Virginia	8,683,619	58.7%	18.4%	0.1%	6.9%	0.1%	0.7%	4.7%	10.4%
Washington	7,785,786	63.5%	3.8%	0.9%	9.7%	0.7%	0.7%	6.7%	14.0%
West Virginia	1,775,156	89.8%	3.3%	0.1%	0.7%	0.0%	0.3%	3.8%	1.9%
Wisconsin	5,892,539	79.0%	5.9%	0.6%	2.9%	0.0%	0.3%	3.7%	7.6%
Wyoming	581,381	81.4%	0.7%	1.6%	0.6%	0.1%	0.9%	3.9%	10.8%

**Racial breakdown of population in the Insular Areas, 2010**^[148]^[149]^[150]^[151]
Territory	Population (2010 est.)	White	Black or African American	American Indian and Alaska Native	Asian	Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	Some other race	Two or more races
American Samoa	55,519	0.9%	0.0%	—	3.6%	92.6%	0.1%	2.7%
Guam	159,358	7.1%	1.0%	—	32.2%	49.3%	0.3%	9.4%
Northern Mariana Islands	53,883	2.1%	0.1%	—	49.9%	34.9%	0.2%	12.7%
U.S. Virgin Islands	106,405	15.6%	76.0%	—	1.4%	0.0%	4.9%	2.1%

**U.S. Births by race/ethnicity in 2018**^[152]
Year	White Alone	Black Alone	Hispanic	Native American Alone	Asian Alone	Pacific Islander Alone
2018	51.6%	14.6%	23.4%	0.8%	6.4%	0.3%

**Percentage distribution of the U.S. resident population 5 to 17 years old, by race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2017**^[153]
Year	White	Black or African American	Hispanic	Asian	Pacific Islander	American Indian Alaska Native	Two or more races
2000	60%	15%	16%	3%	—	1%	2%
2017	51%	14%	25%	5%	—	1%	4%

**Percentage distribution of the U.S. resident population 18 to 24 years old, by race/ethnicity: 2000 and 2017**^[153]
Year	White	Black or African American	Hispanic	Asian	Pacific Islander	American Indian Alaska Native	Two or more races
2000	62%	14%	18%	4%	—	1%	1%
2017	54%	14%	22%	6%	—	1%	3%

**Percentage of population between non-Hispanic whites and Minority by age group, 2013**^[154]
Age group	85+	80–84	75–79	70–74	65–69	60–64	55–59	50–54	45–49	40–44	35–39	30–34	25–29	20–24	15–19	10–14	5–9	<5
non-Hispanic white	83%	81%	79%	78%	77%	74%	72%	69%	65%	61%	58%	57%	57%	56%	55%	54%	52%	50%
Minority	17%	19%	21%	22%	23%	26%	28%	31%	35%	39%	42%	43%	43%	44%	45%	46%	48%	50%

Hispanic or Latino origin

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines "Hispanic or Latino" as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. People who identify with the terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the decennial census questionnaire and various Census Bureau survey questionnaires – "Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano" or "Puerto Rican" or "Cuban" – as well as those who indicate that they are "another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin."^[155] People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.^[138]

Hispanic or Latino and Race	Population (2022 est.)	Percentage of total population
United States population	333,287,550	100%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	63,553,640	19.1%
White	10,735,941	3.2%
Black or African American	1,020,695	0.3%
American Indian and Alaska Native	1,454,842	0.4%
Asian	181,231	0.1%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	75,468	0.0%
Some other race	22,531,802	6.8%
Two or more races	27,453,162	8.2%
Not Hispanic or Latino	269,733,920	80.9%

Population distribution by Hispanic origin 1970–2020 (in %)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1970 (5-percent sample), 1980 to 2020.^[64]

Years	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2020
Not Hispanic or Latino	95.5	93.6	91.0	87.5	83.7	81.3
Hispanic or Latino	4.5	6.4	9.0	12.5	16.3	18.7
Total (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100

Median age of each race alone, 2021 (Hispanic)

Source: United States Census Bureau.^[144]

Race	Median age (both sex) (years)	Median age (male) (years)	Median age (female) (years)
Total (Hispanic)	30.5	30.2	30.8
White	31.2	30.9	31.5
Black or African American	27.1	26.1	28.2
American Indian and Alaska Native	28.4	29.0	27.8
Asian	26.9	26.2	27.7
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	27.8	28.3	27.2
Two or More Races	21.5	21.1	22.0

Median age of each race alone or in combination, 2021 (Hispanic)

Source: United States Census Bureau.^[144]

Race	Median age (both sex) (years)	Median age (male) (years)	Median age (female) (years)
White	30.9	30.6	31.1
Black or African American	25.3	24.3	26.3
American Indian and Alaska Native	27.6	27.8	27.3
Asian	23.0	22.3	23.7
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	24.8	24.9	24.7

Note: Hispanic origin is considered an ethnicity, not a race. Hispanics may be of any race.

Indigenous peoples

As of 2020, there are 9,666,058 people identifying as American Indian and Alaska Native people in the United States, including those identifying with more than one race,^[156] representing around 3% of the U.S. population. This number includes not only groups indigenous to the United States, but any Indigenous people of the Americas,^[157] including Mesoamerican peoples such as the Maya, as well as Canadian and South American natives. In 2022, 634,503 Indigenous people in the United States identified with Central American Indigenous groups, 875,183 identified with the Indigenous people of Mexico, and 47,518 identified with Canadian First Nations.^[158] Of the 3.2 million Americans who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native alone in 2022, around 45% were of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,^[159]^[160] with this number growing as increasing numbers of Indigenous people from Latin American countries immigrate to the US and more Latinos self-identify with indigenous heritage. Of groups Indigenous to the contiguous United States, the largest self-reported tribes are Cherokee (1,449,888), Navajo (434,910), Choctaw (295,373), Blackfeet (288,255), and Sioux (220,739). Additionally, 205,954 identify with an Alaska Native tribe. There are 573 federally recognized tribal governments^[161] in the United States.^[162]

The US Census Bureau classifies Native Hawaiians separately from American Indians and Alaska Natives, grouping them with Pacific Islanders instead. According to 2022 estimates, 714,847 Americans identified with Native Hawaiian ancestry.^[163]

Other groups

There were 16.1 million veterans in 2022,^[164] with only 6.2% of Americans having served in the Armed Forces.^[165]

In 2010, The Washington Post estimated that there were 11 million undocumented immigrants in the country.^[166] As of 2017, Pew Research reported that there an estimated 10.5 million undocumented immigrants in the U.S.^[167]

In 2022, an estimated 1,849,176 adults were imprisoned in the US.^[168]

Projections

U.S. Census Population projections (2023)^[169]
	2023	2060
White Americans¹	75.5%	72.3%
> Non-Hispanic Whites	58.9%	44.9%
Black Americans¹	13.6%	14.8%
Asian Americans¹	6.3%	9.4%
Multiracial Americans¹	3.0%	6.1%
Native Americans¹	1.3%	1.4%
Pacific Islanders¹	0.3%	0.4%
Hispanics/Latinos (of any race)	19.1%	26.9%

¹ Including Hispanics

A report by the U.S. Census Bureau projects a decrease in the ratio of non-Hispanic Whites between 2023 and 2060, a decline from 58.9% of the population to 44.9%. Non-Hispanic Whites are projected to no longer make up a majority of the population by 2050, but will remain the largest single ethnic group. Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.^[170]

While non-Hispanic whites are projected to become a minority, the total White population (including Hispanics), will remain a majority from 2023 to 2060, falling from 75.5% to 72.3% of the population who are white alone according to the projections.^[171] However, these projections are not directly comparable to other Census Bureau data, as they are based on a modified race dataset,^[172] which does not include the "some other race" category used in census surveys.^[173] Individuals identifying as “some other race” alone or in combination made up 16.2% of the population in 2022,^[174] and they are reclassified into recognized race categories in the dataset used for the projections.^[175] As a result, there is a significant discrepancy between the share of the white alone population in 2023 according to the projections (75.5%), and the estimated share of white alone (60.9%), as reported by the American Community Survey in 2022.^[176]

The report foresees the Hispanic or Latino population rising from 19.1% today to 26.9% by 2060, the Black percentage barely rising from 13.6% to 14.8%, and Asian Americans upping their 6.3% share to 9.4%. The United States had a population of 333 million people in July 2023, and is projected to reach 355 million by 2040 and 364 million in 2060.^[177]^[178]^[179]^[180]^[181] It is further projected that all of the increase in population from 2023 to 2060 will be due to immigrants.

Of the nation's children in 2060, 64% are expected to be of a minority ethnicity, up from 51% today. Approximately 32% are projected to be Hispanic or Latino (up from 26% in 2023), and 36% are projected to be single-race, non-Hispanic Whites (down from 49% in 2023). Racial and ethnic minorities surpassed non-Hispanic whites as the largest group of U.S. children under 5 years old in 2015.^[182]

The fastest growing racial group in America is Asian Americans with a growth rate of 35%, however the multi-racial mixed Asian group is growing even faster, with a growth rate of 55%. Multi-racial Asians are therefore the fastest growing demographic group in America.^[33]^[32]

In 2020, it was reported that 51.0% of births were to non-Hispanic white mothers.^[109] In 2021, the percentage increased to 51.5%.^[109]^[183] However, by 2022 the rate of births to white mothers had declined by 3%, dropping to 50% of all total births. In the same period, the rate of births to Asian and Hispanic women increased by 2% and 6%, respectively.^[35]^[34]

Population pyramids of racial groups (of one race)
White Americans
African Americans
Multiracial Americans
Asian Americans
Native Americans

Population pyramids of ethnic groups
Non-Hispanic White Americans
Non-Hispanic African Americans
Hispanic Americans

Pew Research Center projections

The United Nations projects a population of just over 400 million in 2060.^[184]

Pew Research Center projections (2008)^[185]
	1960	2005	2050
White Americans	85%	67%	47%
Hispanic Americans	3.5%	14%	29%
Black Americans	11%	13%	14%
Asian Americans	0.6%	5%	9%
Note: All races modified and not Hispanic; American Indian/Alaska Native not shown.

The country's racial profile will be vastly different, and although whites will remain the single largest ethnic group in the U.S., they will no longer be a majority excluding White Hispanics by 2055 according to Pew Research Center. Growth in the Hispanic and Asian populations is predicted to almost triple over the next 40 years. By 2055, the breakdown is estimated to be 48% non-Hispanic white, 24% Hispanic, 16% Black, and 14% Asian.^[184]

As of 2015^[update], 14% of the United States' population is foreign born, compared to just 5% in 1965. Nearly 39 million immigrants have come to the U.S. since 1965, with most coming from Asia and Latin America. The 2015 Census Report predicts that the percentage of the U.S. population that is foreign-born will continue to increase, reaching 19% by 2060. This increase in the foreign-born population will account for a large share of the overall population growth.^[184]

The average person in the U.S. of 2060 is likely to be older than the average person of 2018 today, and it is projected that almost one in four people will be 65 or older.^[184]

U.S. Census Census Bureau projections

Percent minority 1970–2042 (2008 projections): ^[64]

Years	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2020	2030	2040	2042
Percent minority (%)	16.5	20.4	24.4	30.9	36.3	39.9	44.5	49.2	50.1

Note: "Minority" refers to people who reported their ethnicity and race as something other than non-Hispanic White alone in the decennial census.

Total US population

Year	Projection (Census Bureau)^[178] (thousands)	Projection (UN)^[186] (thousands)	Actual result
2010	310,233	309,011	308,745,538
2020	332,639	331,003	331,449,281
2030	373,504	349,642
2040	405,655	366,572
2050	439,010	379,419

Self-reported ancestry

This table displays all self-reported ancestries with over 50,000 members, alone or in combination, according to estimates from the 2022 American Community Survey. The total population of the US according to the survey was 333,287,550, and 251,732,240 people reported an ancestry. Of these, 175,054,020 reported a single ancestry, and 76,678,224 reported two or more ancestries.^[187] Hispanic groups are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry:

Ancestry^[188]^[189]^[190]^[191]	Number in 2022 (Alone)^[192]	Number as of 2022 (Alone or in any combination)	% Total
Black or African American (Including Afro-Caribbean and sub-Saharan African)	40,603,656	47,859,760	14.4%
German	13,241,923	41,137,168	12.3%
Mexican	—	37,414,772	11.2%
English	12,331,696	31,380,620	9.4%
Irish	8,649,243	30,655,612	9.2%
American (Mostly old-stock white Americans of British descent)	14,929,899	17,786,214	5.3%
Italian	5,766,634	16,009,774	4.8%
Polish	2,658,632	8,249,491	2.5%
French (Not including French Canadian)	1,360,631	6,310,548	1.9%
Puerto Rican	—	5,905,178	1.8%
Chinese (Not including Taiwanese)	4,258,198	5,465,428	1.6%
Scottish	1,555,579	5,352,344	1.6%
Indian	4,534,339	4,946,306	1.5%
Broadly "European" (No country specified)	3,718,055	4,819,541	1.4%
Filipino	2,969,978	4,466,918	1.3%
Swedish	740,478	3,936,772	1.2%
Norwegian	1,224,373	3,317,462	1.0%
Dutch	858,809	3,019,465	0.9%
Indigenous American (No tribe specified)	493,837	2,550,528	0.8%
Scotch-Irish	940,337	2,524,746	0.8%
Salvadoran	—	2,480,509	0.7%
Cuban	—	2,435,573	0.7%
Dominican	—	2,396,784	0.7%
Vietnamese	1,887,550	2,301,868	0.7%
Other Hispanic or Latino (Including Hispano, Californio, Tejano, Isleño, and unspecified Hispanic origins)	—	2,276,867	0.7%
Arab (Including Lebanese (583,719), Egyptian (334,574), Syrian (203,282), Palestinian (171,969), Iraqi (164,851), Moroccan (140,196), Jordanian (86,926), and all other Arab ancestries)	1,502,360	2,237,982	0.7%
Russian	747,866	2,099,079	0.6%
Korean	1,501,587	2,051,572	0.6%
Spanish (Including responses of "Spaniard," "Spanish," and "Spanish American." Many Hispanos of New Mexico identify as Spanish/Spaniard)	—	1,926,228	0.6%
Guatemalan	—	1,878,599	0.6%
Broadly “African” (Not further specified)	1,297,668	1,721,108	0.5%
French Canadian	694,089	1,626,456	0.5%
Japanese	717,413	1,587,040	0.5%
Welsh	293,551	1,521,565	0.5%
Colombian	—	1,451,271	0.4%
Cherokee	239,224	1,449,888	0.4%
Portuguese	543,531	1,350,442	0.4%
Hungarian	390,561	1,247,165	0.4%
Jamaican	903,516	1,234,336	0.4%
Honduran	—	1,219,212	0.4%
Greek	486,878	1,200,706	0.4%
Broadly “British” (Not further specified)	503,077	1,196,265	0.4%
Czech	340,768	1,188,711	0.4%
Ukrainian	565,431	1,164,728	0.3%
Haitian	937,373	1,138,855	0.3%
Danish	268,019	1,127,518	0.3%
Broadly "Eastern European" (Not further specified)	566,715	951,384	0.3%
Broadly "Scandinavian" (Not further specified)	372,673	935,153	0.3%
Indigenous Mexican	548,717	875,183	0.3%
Ecuadorian	—	870,965	0.3%
Swiss	196,120	847,247	0.3%
Venezuelan	—	814,080	0.2%
Peruvian	—	751,519	0.2%
Native Hawaiian	185,466	714,847	0.2%
Nigerian	532,438	712,294	0.2%
Indigenous Central American (Mayan, etc)	315,313	634,503	0.2%
Pakistani	560,494	625,570	0.2%
Finnish	189,603	606,028	0.2%
Slovak	186,902	602,949	0.2%
Lithuanian	167,355	598,508	0.2%
Broadly "Asian" (Not further specified)	218,730	591,806	0.2%
Austrian	123,987	584,517	0.2%
Brazilian	389,082	546,757	0.2%
Canadian	249,309	542,459	0.2%
Iranian	392,051	519,658	0.2%
Nicaraguan	—	488,080	0.1%
Armenian	282,012	458,841	0.1%
Other sub-Saharan African All sub-Saharan African origins other those already listed + Ugandan (35,849), Senegalese (31,462), and Zimbabwean (17,991)	325,963	452,003	0.1%
Romanian	251,069	450,751	0.1%
Navajo	328,434	434,910	0.1%
Broadly "Northern European" (No country specified)	273,675	434,292	0.1%
Croatian	128,623	389,272	0.1%
Ethiopian	348,332	387,880	0.1%
Cambodian	280,862	376,096	0.1%
Hmong	335,612	362,244	0.1%
Thai	197,158	328,176	0.1%
Taiwanese	263,772	324,389	0.1%
Belgian	96,361	316,493	0.1%
Argentine	—	304,541	0.09%
Choctaw	90,321	295,373	0.09%
Bangladeshi	256,681	272,338	0.08%
Central Asian Not including Kazakh (21,913) or Uzbek (52,304)	186,393	269,255	0.08%
Samoan	123,150	264,392	0.08%
Nepali	247,639	260,323	0.08%
Other Pacific Islander (Pacific Islander origin without a specified Melanesian, Polynesian, or Micronesian group)	43,135	251,806	0.08%
Guyanese	182,088	250,467	0.08%
Broadly "West Indian" (No country specified)	130,229	245,867	0.07%
Laotian	173,524	245,220	0.07%
Burmese	225,591	244,086	0.07%
Trinidadian	167,746	243,541	0.07%
Panamanian	—	242,035	0.07%
Turkish	168,354	239,667	0.07%
Pennsylvania German	155,563	228,634	0.07%
"Czechoslovakian" (Not further specified)	79,992	227,217	0.07%
Albanian	182,625	223,984	0.07%
Sioux	100,575	220,739	0.07%
Ghanian	179,527	217,322	0.07%
Chippewa/Ojibwe	87,888	206,224	0.06%
Alaska Native (Including all tribes)	107,877	205,954	0.06%
Chilean	—	199,948	0.06%
"Yugoslavian" (Not further specified)	129,759	198,687	0.06%
Apache	73,085	191,823	0.06%
Serbian	96,388	191,538	0.06%
Afghan	169,255	189,493	0.06%
Costa Rican	—	186,159	0.06%
Somali	151,206	164,723	0.05%
Indonesian	84,074	155,173	0.05%
Slovene	48,809	153,589	0.05%
Chamorro (10,194 additionally reported their ancestry as "Guamanian" alone, and 25,888 reported "Guamanian" alone or in combination)	74,138	152,006	0.05%
Israeli	80,336	144,202	0.04%
Bolivian	—	142,108	0.04%
Broadly "Slavic" (No country specified)	57,491	140,956	0.04%
Kenyan	98,938	122,131	0.04%
Creek/Muscogee	36,446	119,850	0.04%
"British West Indian" (No country/territory specified)	74,833	109,344	0.03%
Iroqouis	30,095	107,839	0.03%
Bulgarian	75,386	106,896	0.03%
Cape Verdean	71,306	104,710	0.03%
South African	64,890	98,309	0.03%
Assyrian	64,349	93,542	0.03%
Liberian	76,087	92,651	0.03%
Latvian	33,742	91,859	0.03%
Cajun	59,046	91,706	0.03%
Indigenous South American	28,813	91,508	0.03%
Australian	37,180	88,999	0.03%
Lumbee	58,226	81,645	0.02%
Pueblo	49,201	81,419	0.02%
Other Micronesian (All Micronesian groups other than Chamorro/Guamanian, Chuukese (12,567), or Marshallese)	62,829	79,879	0.02%
Tongan	41,530	79,826	0.02%
Uruguayan	—	77,180	0.02%
Sri Lankan	58,210	75,808	0.02%
Chickasaw	23,670	72,601	0.02%
Sudanese	64,586	71,788	0.02%
Yaqui	35,442	71,063	0.02%
Belizean	42,028	67,329	0.02%
Macedonian	39,586	65,107	0.02%
Basque	24,219	62,731	0.02%
Barbadian	37,974	62,356	0.02%
Bahamian	31,777	56,928	0.02%
Icelandic	18,978	53,415	0.02%
Fijian	35,788	53,250	0.02%
Uzbek	25,849	52,304	0.02%
Mongolian	—	51,954	0.02%
Marshallese	43,548	51,119	0.02%

Religion

Religious affiliations

Religion in the United States (2023)^[193]

Protestantism (41%)

Catholicism (18%)

Other Christian (2%)

Unaffiliated (31%)

Jewish (2%)

Muslim (1%)

Buddhist (1%)

Hindu (1%)

Other religion (2%)

The table below is based mainly on selected data as reported to the United States Census Bureau. It only includes the voluntary self-reported membership of religious bodies with 750,000 or more. The definition of a member is determined by each religious body.^[194] In 2004^[update], the US census bureau reported that about 13% of the population did not identify themselves as a member of any religion.^[195]^{[clarification needed]}

In a Pew Research Survey performed in 2012, Americans without a religion (atheists, agnostics, nothing in particular, etc.) approached the numbers of Evangelical Protestant Americans with almost 20% of Americans being nonreligious (compared to just over 26% being Evangelical Protestant). If this current growth rate continues, by 2050, around 51% of Americans will not have a religion.^[196]

Surveys conducted in 2014 and 2019 by Pew indicated that the percentage of Americans unaffiliated with a religion increased from 16% in 2007 to 23% in 2014 and 26% of the population in 2019.^[197]^[198]

According to statistical data made by the Pew Research Center in 2021 about 63% of the US population is Christian, 28% is Unaffiliated, 2% is Jewish, 1% follows Buddhism, 1% follows Hinduism, 1% follows Islam and 2% follow traditional religions and others. Currently, the United States has the largest Christian population in the world (approximately 230-250 million) and the largest Protestant Christian population (approximately 150-160 million). The country also has the second largest Jewish community in the world (after Israel) and the largest Buddhist and Hindu communities in the West, as well as the largest number of followers of Islam in North America. The country has about 64 million non-affiliates (only China and Japan have more).^{[citation needed]}^[199]

Religious body	Year reported	Places of worship	Membership (thousands)	Clergy
!a	0000	−9999	−9999	−9999
African Methodist Episcopal Church	1999	no data	2,500	7,741
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church	2002	3,226	1,431	3,252
American Baptist Association	2009	1,600^[200]	100^[200]	1,740
Amish, Old Order	1993	898	227	3,592
American Baptist Churches USA	2017	5,057	1,146^[201]	4,145
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America	1998	220	65	263
Armenian Apostolic Church	2010	153	1,000	200
Armenian Catholic Church	2010		36
Assemblies of God	2018	13,017^[202]	1,857^[202]	38,199^[202]
Baptist Bible Fellowship International	2010	4,000^[203]	1,100^[203]	4,190^[203]
Baptist General Conference	1998	876	141	no data
Baptist Missionary Association of America	2010	1,272^[204]	138^[204]	1,525
Buddhism	2001	no data	1,082	no data
Christian and Missionary Alliance, The	1998	1,964	346	1,629
Christian Brethren (Plymouth Brethren)	1997	1,150	100	no data
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)	2018	3,624	382^[205]	2,066
Christian churches and churches of Christ	1998	5,579	1,072	5,525
Christian Congregation, Inc., The	1998	1,438	117	1,436
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church	1983	2,340	719	no data
Christian Reformed Church in North America	1998	733	199	655
Church of God in Christ	1991	15,300	5,500	28,988
Church of God of Prophecy	1997	1,908	77	2,000
Church of God (Anderson, IN)	1998	2,353	234	3,034
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)	1995	6,060	753	3,121
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	2014	14,018	6,466	38,259
Church of the Brethren	2019	978^[206]	99^[206]	827
Church of the Nazarene	1998	5,101	627	4,598
Churches of Christ	2019	11,989^[207]	1,116^[207]	14,500
Conservative Baptist Association of America	1998	1,200	200	no data
Community of Christ	1998	1,236	140	19,319
Coptic Orthodox Church	2003	200	1,000	200
Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians	2012	383	130	500
Cumberland Presbyterian Church	1998	774	87	630
Episcopal Church	2018	6,423^[208]	1,676^[208]	8,131
Evangelical Covenant Church, The	1998	628	97	607
Evangelical Free Church of America, The	1995	1,224	243	1,936
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America	2018	9,091^[209]	3,363^[209]	9,646
Evangelical Presbyterian Church	1998	187	145^[210]	262
Free Methodist Church of North America	1998	990	73	no data
Full Gospel Fellowship	1999	896	275	2,070
General Association of General Baptists	1997	790	72	1,085
General Association of Regular Baptist Churches	1998	1,415	102	no data
U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches	1996	368	82	590
Grace Gospel Fellowship	1992	128	60	160
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America	2006	560^[211]	1,500^[211]	840^[211]
Hinduism	2001	no data	766	no data
Independent Fundamental Churches of America	1999	659	62	no data
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel	1998	1,851	238	4,900
International Council of Community Churches	1998	150	250	182
International Pentecostal Holiness Church	1998	1,716	177	1507
Islam	2011	no data	2,600	no data
Jainism	no data	no data	50	no data
Jehovah's Witnesses	2014	13,871	1,243	no data
Judaism	2006	3,727	6,588	no data
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, The	2017	6,046^[212]	1,969^[212]	6,055^[212]
Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric	2010	19	50	no data
Mennonite Church USA	2005	943	114	no data
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches	1998	416	67	534
National Association of Free Will Baptists	2007	2,369^[213]	186^[213]	3,915^[213]
National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.	1987	2,500	3,500	8,000
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.	1992	33,000	8,200	32,832
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America	2004	300^[214]	400^[214]	no data
Orthodox Church in America	2010	750^[215]	131^[215]	970^[215]
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc.	1998	1,750	1,500	4,500
Pentecostal Church of God	1998	1,237	104	no data
Pentecostal Church International, United	2008	28,351	4,037	22,881
Presbyterian Church in America	1997	1,340	385^[216]	1,642
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)	2018	9,161^[217]	1,245^[218]	19,243^[217]
Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.	2017	1,200^[214]	1,500^[214]	no data
Reformed Church in America	2018	902	200^[219]	915
Religious Society of Friends	1994	1,200	104	no data
Roman Catholic Church	2002	19,484	66,404	50,017 (1997)^[220]
Romanian Orthodox Episcopate	1996	37	65	37
Salvation Army, The	1998	1,388	471	2,920
Scientology	2005	1,300	55^[221]	1
Serbian Orthodox Church	1986	68	67	60
Seventh-day Adventist Church	1998	4,405	840	2,454
Sikhism	1999	244	80	no data
Southern Baptist Convention	2019	47,530^[222]	14,525^[222]	71,520
Unitarian Universalism	2001	no data	629	no data
United Church of Christ	2016	5,000	880	5,868
United House of Prayer for All People	no data	100	25	no data
United Methodist Church, The	2018	36,170	6,672^[223]	no data
Wesleyan Church, The	1998	1,590	120	1,806
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod	2018	1,281^[224]	359^[224]	1,222
Zoroastrianism	2006	no data	11	no data
~z	9999	99999999	99999999	99999999

Religious affiliation within each state that has the largest deviation compared to the national average, 2001
Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than "no religion", 2014
Plurality religion by state, 2001. Data is unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii.

According to Pew Research Center study released in 2018, by 2040, Islam will surpass Judaism to become the second largest religion in the US due to higher immigration and birth rates.^[225]

Religions of U.S. adults

The United States government does not collect religious data in its census. The survey below, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008, was a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States. The 1990 sample size was 113,723; 2001 sample size was 50,281.

Adult respondents were asked the open-ended question, "What is your religion, if any?". Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers. The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked. If the initial answer was "Protestant" or "Christian" further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination. About one-third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions.

Religious Self-Identification of the U.S. Adult Population: 1990, 2001, 2008^[226]
Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of "no religion" than any other group.

**Source:ARIS 2008**^[226]
Group	1990 adults × 1,000	2001 adults × 1,000	2008 adults × 1,000	Numerical Change 1990– 2008 as % of 1990	1990 % of adults	2001 % of adults	2008 % of adults	change in % of total adults 1990– 2008
Adult population, total	175,440	207,983	228,182	30.1%
Adult population, Responded	171,409	196,683	216,367	26.2%	97.7%	94.6%	94.8%	−2.9%
Total Christian	151,225	159,514	173,402	14.7%	86.2%	76.7%	76.0%	−10.2%
Catholic	46,004	50,873	57,199	24.3%	26.2%	24.5%	25.1%	−1.2%
Non-Catholic Christian	105,221	108,641	116,203	10.4%	60.0%	52.2%	50.9%	−9.0%
Baptist	33,964	33,820	36,148	6.4%	19.4%	16.3%	15.8%	−3.5%
Mainline Protestant	32,784	35,788	29,375	−10.4%	18.7%	17.2%	12.9%	−5.8%
Methodist	14,174	14,039	11,366	−19.8%	8.1%	6.8%	5.0%	−3.1%
Lutheran	9,110	9,580	8,674	−4.8%	5.2%	4.6%	3.8%	−1.4%
Presbyterian	4,985	5,596	4,723	−5.3%	2.8%	2.7%	2.1%	−0.8%
Episcopalian/Anglican	3,043	3,451	2,405	−21.0%	1.7%	1.7%	1.1%	−0.7%
United Church of Christ	438	1,378	736	68.0%	0.2%	0.7%	0.3%	0.1%
Christian Generic	25,980	22,546	32,441	24.9%	14.8%	10.8%	14.2%	−0.6%
Jehovah's Witness	1,381	1,331	1,914	38.6%	0.8%	0.6%	0.8%	0.1%
Christian Unspecified	8,073	14,190	16,384	102.9%	4.6%	6.8%	7.2%	2.6%
Non-denominational Christian	194	2,489	8,032	4040.2%	0.1%	1.2%	3.5%	3.4%
Protestant – Unspecified	17,214	4,647	5,187	−69.9%	9.8%	2.2%	2.3%	−7.5%
Evangelical/Born Again	546	1,088	2,154	294.5%	0.3%	0.5%	0.9%	0.6%
Pentecostal/Charismatic	5,647	7,831	7,948	40.7%	3.2%	3.8%	3.5%	0.3%
Pentecostal – Unspecified	3,116	4,407	5,416	73.8%	1.8%	2.1%	2.4%	0.6%
Assemblies of God	617	1,105	810	31.3%	0.4%	0.5%	0.4%	0.0%
Church of God	590	943	663	12.4%	0.3%	0.5%	0.3%	0.0%
Other Protestant Denomination	4,630	5,949	7,131	54.0%	2.6%	2.9%	3.1%	0.5%
Seventh-day Adventist	668	724	938	40.4%	0.4%	0.3%	0.4%	0.0%
Churches of Christ	1,769	2,593	1,921	8.6%	1.0%	1.2%	0.8%	−0.2%
Mormon/Latter-Day Saints	2,487	2,697	3,158	27.0%	1.4%	1.3%	1.4%	0.0%
Total non-Christian religions	5,853	7,740	8,796	50.3%	3.3%	3.7%	3.9%	0.5%
Jewish	3,137	2,837	2,680	−14.6%	1.8%	1.4%	1.2%	−0.6%
Eastern Religions	687	2,020	1,961	185.4%	0.4%	1.0%	0.9%	0.5%
Buddhist	404	1,082	1,189	194.3%	0.2%	0.5%	0.5%	0.3%
Muslim	527	1,104	1,349	156.0%	0.3%	0.5%	0.6%	0.3%
New Religious Movements & Others	1,296	1,770	2,804	116.4%	0.7%	0.9%	1.2%	0.5%
None/ No religion, total	14,331	29,481	34,169	138.4%	8.2%	14.2%	15.0%	6.8%
Agnostic+Atheist	1,186	1,893	3,606	204.0%	0.7%	0.9%	1.6%	0.9%
Did Not Know/ Refused to reply	4,031	11,300	11,815	193.1%	2.3%	5.4%	5.2%	2.9%

States in the United States by Catholic population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.^[227] States with Catholic population greater than the United States as a whole are in full red.
States in the United States by Evangelical Protestant population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.^[227] States with Evangelical Protestant populations greater than the United States as a whole are in full orange.

States in the United States by Mainline or Black Protestant population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.^[227] States with Mainline or Black Protestant population greater than the United States as a whole are in full purple.
States in the United States by non-Christian (e.g. Non-religious, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist) population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.^[227] States with non-Christian populations greater than the United States as a whole are in full blue.

States in the United States by non-Protestant and non-Catholic Christian (e.g. Mormon, Jehovah's Witness, Eastern Orthodox) population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.^[227] States with non-Catholic/non-Protestant Christian population greater than the United States as a whole are in full green.

LGBT population

The 2000 U.S. Census counted same-sex couples in an oblique way; asking the sex and the relationship to the "main householder", whose sex was also asked. Community Marketing & Insights, an organization specializing in analyzing gay demographic data, reported, based on this count in the 2000 census and in the 2000 supplementary survey, that same-sex couples comprised between 1.0% and 1.1% of U.S. couples in 2000.^[228] A 2006 report issued by The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation concluded that the number of same-sex couples in the U.S. grew from 2000 to 2005, from nearly 600,000 couples in 2000 to almost 777,000 in 2005.^[229] A 2006 UCLA study reported that 4.1% of Americans aged 18–45 identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.^[230]

A 2011 report by the Williams Institute estimated that nine million adults identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, representing 3.5% of the population over 18.^[231] A spokesperson said that, until recently, few studies have tried to distinguish people who had occasionally undertaken homosexual behavior or entertained homosexual thoughts, from people who identified as lesbian or gay.^[232] (Older estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies.)

Migration

Immigration

Foreign-born population

As of 2017, an estimated 44,525,458 residents of the United States were foreign-born,^[234] 13.5% of the country's total population. This demographic includes recent as well as longstanding immigrants; statistically Europeans have resided in the US longer than those from other regions with approximately 66% having arrived prior to 2000.^[235]

**Place of birth of the foreign-born population in the United States, 2017**^[234]
Place of birth	Estimate	Percentage of total foreign-born people
Americas	23,241,959	52.2%
Caribbean	4,414,943	9.9%
> Cuba	1,311,803	3.0%
> Dominican Republic	1,162,568	2.6%
Central America (including Mexico)	14,796,926	33.2%
> Mexico	11,269,913	25.3%
> El Salvador	1,401,832	3.2%
South America	3,213,187	7.2%
Canada	809,267	1.8%
Europe	4,818,662	10.8%
Northern Europe	941,796	2.1%
Western Europe	949,591	2.1%
Southern Europe	761,390	1.7%
Eastern Europe	2,153,855	4.8%
Asia	13,907,844	31.2%
Eastern Asia	4,267,303	9.6%
> China	2,639,365	5.9%
> Korea	1,064,960	2.4%
South Central Asia	4,113,013	9.2%
> India	2,348,687	5.3%
South Eastern Asia	4,318,647	9.8%
> Philippines	1,945,345	4.4%
> Vietnam	1,314,927	3.0%
Western Asia	1,159,835	2.6%
Africa	2,293,028	5.2%
Eastern Africa	693,784	1.6%
Middle Africa	163,364	0.4%
Northern Africa	359,559	0.8%
Southern Africa	116,297	0.2%
Western Africa	837,290	1.9%
Oceania	263,965	0.6%
Australia and New Zealand Subregion	123,080	0.3%

Immigration (2023)

Country	Immigrants
Immigrants in the United States^[236]
Mexico	10,918,205
India	2,910,042
China	2,193,250
Philippines	2,051,900
El Salvador	1,494,869
Cuba	1,450,808
Vietnam	1,365,841
Dominican Republic	1,265,231
Guatemala	1,250,053
Colombia	1,049,821

In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents (including many eligible to become citizens), 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.^[237] Among current living immigrants to the U.S., the top five countries of birth are Mexico (25% of immigrants), China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (5%) and El Salvador (3%). Some 13% of current living immigrants come from Europe and Canada, and 10% from the Caribbean.^[237] Among new arrivals, Asian immigrants have been more numerous than Hispanic immigrants since 2010; in 2017, 37.4% of immigrant arrivals were Asian, and 26.6% were Hispanic.^[237] Until 2017 and 2018, the United States led the world in refugee resettlement for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.^[238] From fiscal year 1980 until 2017, 55% of refugees came from Asia, 27% from Europe, 13% from Africa, and 4% from Latin America, fleeing war and persecution.^[238]

Net migration rate (2024): 3 migrants/1,000 population.^[3] Country comparison to the world: 38th^[3]
Net migration rate* (2020-2021): 0.73 migrants/1,000 population.^[239]

*(mid-year estimates)

As of 2017, 13.6% (44.4 million) of the population was foreign born – an increase from 4.7% in 1970 but less than the 1890 record of 14.8%. 45% of the foreign born population were naturalized US citizens. 23% (10.3 million) of the foreign born community is undocumented, accounting for 3.2% of the total population.^[237] According to the 2010 census, Latin America and the Caribbean is the largest region-of-birth group, accounting for 53% of the foreign born population. As of 2018 this region is still the largest source of immigrants to the United States^[240]^[241]^[242] In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and U.S. born children of immigrants (second-generation Americans) in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.^[243] In 2018, 1,096,611 immigrants were granted either permanent or temporary legal residence in the United States^[244]

Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents, Top 15 Sending Countries, 2021^[245]
Country	2021
Mexico	107,230
India	93,450
China	49,847
Philippines	27,511
Dominican Republic	24,553
Cuba	23,077
El Salvador	18,668
Brazil	18,351
Vietnam	16,312
Colombia	15,293
Venezuela	14,412
Jamaica	13,357
Nigeria	13,100
South Korea	12,351
Haiti	11,456

Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by Region, 2021^[246]
Region	2021
Americas	311,806
Asia	295,306
Africa	66,211
Europe	61,521
Oceania	4,147
Not Specified	1,011
Total	707,362

Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Type and Major Class of Admission^[247]
Class of Admission (Adjustments of Status and New Arrivals)	2021
Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens	385,396
Family-sponsored preferences	65,690
Employment-based preferences	193,338
Diversity	15,145
Refugees	35,847
Asylees	20,550
Parolees	13
Children born abroad to alien residents	75
Certain Iraqis and Afghans employed by U.S. Government and their spouses and children	8,303
Cancellation of removal	5,017
Victims of human trafficking	942
Victims of crimes and their spouses and children	9,257
Other	429

Emigration and Expatriation

As of April 2015, the U.S. State Department estimated that 8.7 million American citizens live overseas. Americans living abroad are not counted in the U.S. Census unless they are federal government employees or dependents of a federal employee.^[248] A 2010 paper estimated the number of civilian Americans living abroad to be around 4 million.^[249] So-called "accidental Americans" are citizens of a country other than the United States who may also be considered U.S. citizens or be eligible for U.S. citizenship under specific laws but are not aware of having such status (or became aware of it only recently).^[250]

As of 2022, 1.6 million Americans live in Mexico, according to the State Department.^[251]

Economics

Income

In 2020, the median household income in the United States was around $67,521, 2.9 percent less than the 2019 median of $69,560.^[252] Household and personal income depends on variables such as race, number of income earners, educational attainment and marital status.

Median household income by selected characteristics ^[253]
Type of household			Race and Hispanic origin				Region
All households	Family households	Nonfamily households	Asian	Non-Hispanic White	Hispanic (of any race)	Black	Northeast	Midwest	South	West
$70,784	$91,162	$41,797	$101,418	$77,999	$57,981	$48,297	$77,422	$71,129	$63,368	$79,430

Median household income by selected characteristics cont.
Age of Householder		Nativity of Householder		Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Status		Educational Attainment of Householder*
Under 65 years	65 years and older	Native-born	Foreign-born	Inside MSA	Outside MSA	No high school diploma	High school, no college	Some college	Bachelor's degree or higher
$80,734	$47,620	$71,522	$66,043	$73,823	$53,750	$30,378	$50,401	$64,378	$115,456
*Householders aged 25 and older. In 2021, the median household income for this group was $72,046.

Median earnings by work status and sex (Persons, aged 15 years and older with earnings)
Total workers			Full-Time, year-round workers
Both sexes	Male	Female	Both sexes	Male	Female
$45,470	$50,983	$39,201	$56,473	$61,180	$51,226

2020 Median earnings & household income by educational attainment ^[254] ^[255]
Measure	Overall	Less than 9th grade	Some High School	High school graduate	Some college	Associate's degree	Bachelor's degree or higher	Bachelor's degree	Master's degree	Professional degree	Doctorate degree
Persons, age 25+ w/ earnings*	$46,985	$25,162	$26,092	$34,540	$39,362	$42,391	$66,423	$60,705	$71,851	$102,741	$101,526
Male, age 25+ w/ earnings*	$52,298	$30,089	$31,097	$40,852	$47,706	$52,450	$80,192	$71,666	$91,141	$126,584	$121,956
Female, age 25+ w/ earnings*	$40,392	$18,588	$19,504	$27,320	$31,837	$36,298	$57,355	$51,154	$62,522	$92,780	$85,551
Persons, age 25+, employed full-time	$59,371	$33,945	$34,897	$42,417	$50,640	$52,285	$77,105	$71,283	$82,183	$130,466	$119,552
Household	$69,228	$29,609	$29,520	$47,405	$60,392	$68,769	$106,936	$100,128	$114,900	$151,560	$142,493
*Total work experience

Household income distribution
10th percentile	20th percentile	30th percentile	40th percentile	50th percentile	60th percentile	70th percentile	80th percentile	90th percentile	95th percentile
≤ $15,700	≤ $28,000	≤ $40,500	≤ $55,000	$70,800	≤ $89,700	≤ $113,200	≤ $149,100	≤ $212,100	≤ $286,300
Source: US Census Bureau, 2021; income statistics for the year 2021

Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[256] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.
States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[256] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.

Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[257] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[257] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.

Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[257] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[257] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.

Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[257] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.^[257] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.

Economic class

Social classes in the United States lack distinct boundaries and may overlap. Even their existence (when distinguished from economic strata) is controversial. The following table provides a summary of some prominent academic theories on the stratification of American society:

Academic class models
Dennis Gilbert, 2002		William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005		Leonard Beeghley, 2004
Class	Typical characteristics	Class	Typical characteristics	Class	Typical characteristics
Capitalist class (1%)	Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common.	Upper class (1%)	Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common.	The super-rich (0.9%)	Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $3.5 million or more; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.
Upper middle class^[1] (15%)	Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy.	Upper middle class^[1] (15%)	Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000.	The rich (5%)	Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.
Upper middle class^[1] (15%)		Upper middle class^[1] (15%)		Middle class (plurality/ majority?; ca. 46%)	College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.
Lower middle class (30%)	Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar.	Lower middle class (32%)	Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.
Working class (30%)	Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.	Lower middle class (32%)
Working class (30%)		Working class (32%)	Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education.	Working class (ca. 40–45%)	Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.
Working poor (13%)	Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.	Working class (32%)
Working poor (13%)		Lower class (ca. 14–20%)	Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.
Underclass (12%)	Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education.	Lower class (ca. 14–20%)		The poor (ca. 12%)	Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.
References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, ISBN 0534541100. (see also Gilbert Model); Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon. ¹ The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Collins.

Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted)

As of July 2020^[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 10.2 percent (U3 rate).

As of July 2019^[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.7 percent (U3 rate).

As of July 2018^[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.7 percent (U3 rate).

As of July 2017^[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.3 percent (U3 rate).^[259]

As of July 2016^[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.9 percent (U3 rate).^[259]

As of July 2015^[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.3 percent (U3 rate).^[260]

As of July 2014^[update], the U.S. unemployment rate was 6.2 percent (U3 rate).^[259]

The U6 unemployment rate as of April 2017^[update] was 8.6 percent.^[261] The U6 unemployment rate counts not only people without work seeking full-time employment (the more familiar U3 rate), but also counts "marginally attached workers and those working part-time for economic reasons." Some of these part-time workers counted as employed by U6 could be working as little as an hour a week. And the "marginally attached workers" include those who have become discouraged and stopped looking, but still want to work. The age considered for this calculation is 16 years and over.

Urban Americans have more job opportunities than those in more rural areas. From 2008 to 2018, 72% of the nation's employment growth occurred in cities with more than one million residents, which account for 56% of the overall population.^[262]

Generational cohorts

A definitive recent study of US generational cohorts was done by Schuman and Scott (2012) in which a broad sample of adults of all ages was asked, "What world events are especially important to you?"^[263] They found that 33 events were mentioned with great frequency. When the ages of the respondents were correlated with the expressed importance rankings, seven (some put 8 or 9) distinct cohorts became evident.

Today the following descriptors are frequently used for these cohorts:

Lost Generation – born from approximately 1883 to 1900.
Greatest Generation – born from approximately 1901 to 1927^[264] (in the U.S., this was the "Depression cohort" who fought and won World War II).
Silent Generation – born from approximately 1928 to 1945^[265] during the Great Depression and World War II.^[266] The label was originally applied to people in North America but has also been applied to those in Western Europe, Australasia and South America. It includes most of those who fought during the Korean War.
Baby boomers (also known as Boomers) – born from 1946 to 1964.^[265]
Generation X – born from approximately 1965 to 1980.^[265]^[267] In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of the drop in birth rates following the baby boom.^[268]
Millennials (also known as Generation Y) – born from approximately 1981 to 1996.^[265]
Generation Z (also known as iGeneration, Digital Natives, or Zoomers) – born from approximately 1997 to 2012.^[265]
Generation Alpha – born from approximately the early 2010s to mid-2020s. ^{[citation needed]}

U.S. demographic birth cohorts

Birth rate, death rate and natural increase rate in the United States 1935–2021

Subdivided groups are present when peak boom years or inverted peak bust years are present, and may be represented by a normal or inverted bell-shaped curve (rather than a straight curve). The boom subdivided cohorts may be considered as "pre-peak" (including peak year) and "post-peak". The year 1957 was the baby boom peak with 4.3 million births and 122.7 fertility rate. Although post-peak births (such as trailing edge boomers) are in decline, and sometimes referred to as a "bust", there are still a relatively large number of births. The dearth-in-birth bust cohorts include those up to the valley birth year, and those including and beyond, leading up to the subsequent normal birth rate. The baby boom began around 1943 to 1946.^[269]

From the decline in U.S. birth rates starting in 1958 and the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960, the Baby Boomer normal distribution curve is negatively skewed. The trend in birth rates from 1958 to 1961 show a tendency to end late in the decade at approximately 1969, thus returning to pre-WWII levels, with 12 years of rising and 12 years of declining birth rates. Pre-war birth rates were defined as anywhere between 1939 and 1941 by demographers such as the Taeuber's, Philip M. Hauser and William Fielding Ogburn.^[270]

Mobility

In 2021, 27.1 million Americans said they were living in a different place than a year before, compared to 29.8 million in 2020. This reflects an 8.4% mover rate, the lowest recorded in more than 70 years.^[271]

Education

Notes

^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

References

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Population

Growth rate

Age and sex distribution

Percent distribution of the total population by age: 1900 to 2015

Dependency ratio

Density

Median age of the population

Population centers

Vital statistics

U.S. demographic table, 1935–2023

Current vital statistics

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Total Fertility Rates from 1800 to 2020

Total fertility rates by state

Births and fertility by race

U.S.-born residents

Percent of births to White Non-Hispanic women that were their 8th+ child, by U.S. state, in 2021

Mother's mean age at first birth

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth from 1901 to 2015

Life tables

Population projections

Race and ethnicity

Race

Hispanic or Latino origin

Indigenous peoples

Other groups

Projections

U.S. Census Census Bureau projections

Self-reported ancestry

Religion

Religious affiliations

Religions of U.S. adults

LGBT population

Migration

Immigration

Foreign-born population

Immigration (2023)

Emigration and Expatriation

Economics

Income

Economic class

Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted)

Generational cohorts

U.S. demographic birth cohorts

Mobility

Education

See also

Lists

Income

Population

Notes

References

External links